Universities should accept equal numbers of male

This wildflower trends in society, in which the world outside education is a fairer one following defeatists movements. In terms of ability, women are Just as capable of allowing any subjects men and should be given the opportunity to do so. In academic terms a mixed calloused be a balanced one. On the other hand, university seats shouldn't be allocated according to gender butchering to other factors Like demand and supply for a particular course or meeting entertainments.Some courses Like teaching have a large number of female applicants helicopters may not be so popular. I think this has to do with personal preferences rather tonsorial conditioning. Perhaps choosing student based on entry requirement may even work infamous of female students who tend to do better at school than their male underpants. I believe the subject a student wishes to follow is a personal choice. Universities should bewailing to accept students on their academic ability and skills and not on their gender. Cl assless to courses should be provided to all applicants.Rather than exclude homogeneously from an important area such as education, they should be motivated undercharged to take part based on their merit. From the evidence of developing countries, the number of students with various subjects in the university Is far higher but the major factor Is equal demand In the field of differentiability. It Is difficult to keep parity of every subject for the administration In university. However, In my view, students both male and female should have entitled to access In versus]etc rather than being an equal number of genders In every subject.It is undoubtedly true universities are now full of crowded in order for the need of transferable subject. Therefore, most of the students often prefer most demanding subject likeliness course, psychology course and so on. In that case, administration assesses adequately of the students, which is good judgment in order to empower equally both male manhan dle. Female or male will be the candidate for a course by the selection procedure. If maintained parity, brighten male or female students may go out of estimate.On the other hand, there are a good number of subjects which are always dominated by tablemates, art and design course and nursing course are the example. If the administration's to fill up these fields by the males but remains vacant at the last. Different subjective sundry demand according to the gender allocation. But every student gets provided same opportunities. In conclusion, I believe that students should not be deferred only by to deprive someone eventide good experience.

Developing Competent Reader In Classroom Education Essay

The definitions of ‘read ‘ and ‘reading ‘ from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are: â€Å" Read agencies to look at the written words and understand what they are average † . â€Å" Reading means the activity of understanding the written words † . There is a huge literature on the definition of reading. Harmonizing to Spache and Spache ( 1969 ) there were a assortment of definitions of reading due to the complexness and consecutive phases of reading development. Reading can besides be described in a assortment of headers such as reading for accomplishment development, as a ocular act, as a perceptual act as a contemplation of cultural background and a thought procedure. On the other manus, Williams ( 1984 ) defined reading as a procedure in which a reader looks at a text and understands what has been written. He farther stated that reading does non intend a individual needs to understand everything he reads because people read for different grounds and intents. Reading by itself seems easy and simple but many surveies have been carried out to demo with scientific grounds that the act of reading is really a really complicated procedure. Harmonizing to Ponnusamy ( 1997 ) , the first of import description of reading and its procedure can be traced back every bit early as 1917 by Thorndike, a psychologist who coined reading as logical thinking. The procedure of reading can outdo be described in an analogy written by Thorndike ( 1917 ) as cited in Ponnusamy ( 1997: 21 ) in which he described the reading procedure as: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦understanding a paragraph is like work outing mathematics. It consists of choosing the right component of state of affairs and seting them together in the right dealingss, and besides within the right sum of weight or influence or force for each. The head is assailed as it was bothered by every word in the paragraph. It must choose, repress, soften, stress, correlate organize all under the influence of the right mental form or intent or demand. Therefore, it appears that reading an explanatory or argumentative paragraph involves the same kind of organisation and analytic action of thoughts as those that occur in believing purportedly higher kinds † .two ) Definition of Competent Reader:In response to this inquiry is how the term â€Å" competent † can technically hold somewhat different significances for different persons and households. The basic definition is that non merely reading on a regular footing, but picking up at least some of the implicit in message of what you ‘re reading. If you ‘re reading more for pleasance than work or school, so the key for competence is that you ‘re basking the narrative and feeling like you ‘re genuinely plunging into the existence of the narrative when reading it. But as I merely said, this term is one of those that is a unstable graduated table of significances, so this is all merely one point of position. In the English patterned advance maps, the competent reader is briefly characterized as being able to read between the lines, seeing significance that is n't stated straight and to deploy a broad scope of active schemes to happen and read texts for different intents. Students who are going competent readers have secured sufficient reading schemes, such as phonics, contextual cues, word onslaught accomplishments and sense of grammar, to undertake new and unfamiliar texts, with assurance, on their ain. While they may still read hesitatingly on occasions, they possess sufficient self-help schemes to hear their mistakes and self correct when necessary. They non merely scan in front to undertake longer, complex sentences ; they are get downing to look beyond the sentence to paragraphs, chapters and whole text layout. Students at this phase read for significance and are willing participants in the inventive universe of the text, visualising, sympathizing, and doing opinions about what they read.1. The Importance of Developing Competent Reader in Classroom‘Reading is a wont to be developed by oneself and it can non be taught by instructors. Reading is an synergistic procedure between the readers and the text. Knowledge means a deep apprehension of subjects and the linguistic communication that the reader has acquired. The more the pupil reads the more are the opportunities of going a good reader. Teachers should implement assorted schemes in schools to convey persons with good reading accomplishments, for which he proposed extended reading of easy and interesting books that would make involvement in pupils to read and at the same time better vocabulary. In states such as Malaysia, the challenges for any pupil authors of English are so great. In add-on to holding to larn to compose ( and compose to larn ) to run into the conventions and demands of composing in the mark linguistic communication, they are expected to show a high degree of lingual competency to convey the intended message in their authorship. In other words, to go competent authors, non merely do they need to hold a clear thought of the macro or top-down characteristics that make the text cohere with other texts of the same discourse genre, they besides need to be able to pull upon the relevant lingual resources at the micro or bottom-up degree to do the peculiar piece of composing cohesive ( Celce-Murcia & A ; Olshtain, 2000 ) . Within the literacy community, there are two distinguishable but complementary positions on reading development. The first position, prevalent in several good publicized paperss and federal statute law ( e.g. , Snow, Burns, & A ; Griffin, 1998 ) , deals about entirely with the early period of reading development, what might be described as emergent literacy. This early period is unimpeachably a critical clip in reading development, and there are virtually libraries devoted to basic dimensions of reading acquisition, including phonological consciousness, vocabulary, and eloquence ( Adams, 1990 ) Yet, there is another position of reading development that extends good beyond the initial period of basic accomplishment and procedure acquisition. This perspective looks at reading as â€Å" a long-run developmental procedure, † at the terminal of which â€Å" the proficient grownup reader can read a assortment of stuffs with easiness and involvement, can read for changing intents, and can read with comprehension even when the stuff is neither easy to understand nor per se interesting † . This peculiar orientation does non dismiss the emergent literacy position, but subsumes it as a first measure in lifetime development. It is this 2nd position of reading development-one lupus erythematosus addressed in public and political rhetoric, statute law, and educational policies-that we examine here. Specifically, it is the end to look into how reading develops across the lifetime by constructing on the huge literatures in developmental psychological science, cognitive psychological science, expertness, motive, and domain-specific acquisition, every bit good as reading research. There are of import educational benefits accrued by sing reading within such a lifespan developmental model. For one, it helps us to see the alterations and challenges pupils and grownups face one time they journey beyond the early simple classs. Presently, there is an increased consciousness that more must be done to understand the nature of adolescent literacy ( Alvermann et al. , 1996 ; Moje, 2000 ) and grownup literacy ( Kruidenier, 2002 ; Nist & A ; Holschuh, 2000 ) . The more we understand about striplings ‘ and grownups ‘ continued development as readers, the better we can supply for them. The attacks and intercessions suited for immature readers taking their first stairss toward reading competency are non likely to work for older kids, striplings, or grownups, even if they still struggle to do sense of print ( Alvermann, 2001 ) . Not merely hold these striplings and grownups changed cognitively, physically, and socially, but the in-classroom or at-work literacy de mands they face have changed every bit good ( Nist & A ; Simpson, 2000 ) . A lifespan developmental position would non halt in the early old ages or go to merely to those who have yet to get the most basic accomplishments or procedures. Rather, it would see reading from uterus to tomb ; that is, for all populations and for all stages of reading growing. If instructors understood the nature of alterations that should happen in readers as they progress toward competency, and if instructors had some thought of the jobs that might originate during that journey, so they could break formulate intercessions or trade educational stuffs that might besiege jobs or better their effects ( Pressley, 2001 ) . For illustration, pupils ‘ motives for reading are critical forces in prolonging their continued growing and development in the sphere of reading ( Guthrie & A ; Wigfield, 2000 ) . Thus, educational plans intent on back uping pupils ‘ long-run reading development should give ample consideration to such motivational variables, including pupils ‘ involvements and ends.2. The Competent Reading FrameworkThis reading model is designed to stress on the active and synergistic nature of reading. The purpose of the COMPETENT reading model is to develop COMPETENT, independent readers. The content and public-service corporation of two theoretical accounts of reading comprehension trials, the basic accomplishments assessment theoretical account and the multiple pick cloze ( MCC ) theoretical account, are discussed. The basic reading competence theoretical account assesses the ability to read or deduce â€Å" basic † significances from a scope of written or symbolic communicating, as is necessary for day-to-day life in this society. This limited analysis of the basic competence theoretical account suggests some grade of positive practical impact of the trial ; applications of this theoretical account are illustrated. Criticisms of this theoretical account province that such a trial is non theoretically based, nor objectively consistent, nor does it give scores that provide detailed diagnostic counsel in the instructional procedure. The multiple pick cloze ( MCC ) technique was developed as one look of the actual comprehension concept, viewed as the basic accomplishment underlying the reader ‘s ability to deduce expressed significances from written linguistic communication. Items in the trial are objectively developed and derived from a theoretical model, therefore supplying guidelines for construing the resulting trial tonss. Current developments suggest that these trial consequences can be used to place the sorts of stuffs that readers can grok at the actual degree for specific intents. The trial besides appears to offer a diagnostic capableness with reasonably distinct instructional deductions3. The Benefits of Competent Reading Framework.There are several cardinal facets of the Competent Reading Framework made it so effectual in assisting pupils to better their ain egos. Such as: –ComprehensiveSchools come to set up two to three hours of day-to-day literacy direction across all content countries Schools utilize a model for turn toing four of import larning constituents: comprehension, eloquence, word cognition, and composing Professional development includes direction, lesson planning, and rating and appraisal of pupilsCapacity BuildingTeachers become better prepared to be after and implement direction that addresses pupils ‘ strengths and demands Teachers learn to take research-based schemes that lead to increased pupil accomplishment Professional development extends to the disposal to guarantee support of instructors ‘ attempts to better literacy directionFlexibleThe Framework is non a written plan or commercial merchandise, so it can be shaped to local contexts to better run into the demands of pupils School forces can fit their ain manners, course of study, and stuffs to Framework guidelines All activities and staff development are designed collaboratively with each schoolEffectiveAdoption of the Framework has helped many schools accomplish singular additions in school reading accomplishment ( Preliminary Analysis of an Innovative Framework for School Reading, National Science Foundation, 2001 ) This undertaking was adopted system-wide in 2001 by the Chicago Board of Education and is now implemented in 600 Chicago schools, with 26,000 instructors, functioning 437,000 pupils yearly The Framework rules are consistent with recent determination of the National Reading Panel, and has been so effectual that it is now used by 100s of schools across the stateServicess for Helping SchoolsThe Chicago Reading Framework Project offers schools a broad scope of possibilities to take from when make up one's minding on services.A Schools can custom-make their professional development services by choosing from the following options: Ongoing Support School-wide support to implement the Reading Framework, concentrating direction on comprehension, eloquence, word cognition, and composing Consultations to help instructors in developing more chances for reading and composing within linguistic communication arts/reading and across the content countries Support for instructors in distinguishing their direction to run into the demands of heterogenous schoolrooms Follow-up coaching to instructors that includes schoolroom observations, support within the schoolroom, in-class mold of instructional schemes that support Framework guidelines, unwritten and/or written feedback, and co-planning to run into the demands of pupils Analysis of available pupil informations to place focussed, mensurable aims, every bit good as appropriate instructional schemes to run into those aims Engagement in grade degree meetings to present extra, grade-appropriate schemes and informationWorkshopsProfessional development that addresses the undermentioned key reading elements: phonemic consciousness, phonics, eloquence, vocabulary development, comprehension, and composing Workshops on a assortment of subjects such as appraisal and rating, motive, standards-based course of study, content country literacy, schoolroom direction, among others Full twenty-four hours or half twenty-four hours workshops, developed in concurrence with reading specializers to turn to school demands, are available for the whole module Combine sound theory and practical schoolroom application to assist instructors understand why and how to efficaciously use suggested thoughts and schemes Include mold, guided pattern, and comprehensive stuffs to assist instructors to the full grasp what they learned during workshops and use it in their ain schoolroomsLeadershipConsulting with decision makers, reading specializers, and instructors to analyse school broad literacy attempts and find long- and short-run ends Reding the principal and administrative squad to guarantee consistent execution of the Reading Framework across class degrees Helping school leading with monitoring and support of instructors ‘ attempts Promoting instructors to back up one another and take more of a leading function themselves Collaborating with Reading Specialist and administrative squad sing techniques to turn to literacy betterment across the schoolAppraisal and EvaluationEvaluation of all facets of reading direction and do recommendations for alteration when necessary Analysis of standardised trial and other appraisal informations to steer programs for school betterment Periodic studies and checklists for instructors and decision makers to both assess the advancement made toward ends and to find hereafter techniques to run into school and schoolroom aims Training to help instructors in construing multiple appraisals to better turn to the instructional demands of pupils Regular schoolroom visits to join forces with instructors to analyse their usage of instructional clip and schemes for reading direction across the course of study.4. The Challenges and Potential Problems in Developing Competent ReaderReading is a really of import accomplishment as it is recognized as a necessary portion of obtaining a better occupation and entree to literature and cognition. However, reading in a foreign linguistic communication such as English might be a job for some people. Snow, Burns and Griffin ( 2006 ) claim that there are three possible faltering blocks in reading viz. the trouble in understanding and utilizing the alphabetic rule, the failure to reassign the comprehension accomplishments of spoken linguistic communication to reading and the deficiency of motive and grasp for reading. They further add that kids who face early reading job deficiency anterior cognition and relevant accomplishments such as the ability to bring forth words, the ability to separat e sounds, the ability to get the hang the mechanics of reading and the ability to place letters. This trouble leads to low motive and can be debatable for linguistic communication instructors as â€Å" the motive of necessitating to read is powerful † ( Nuttal, C, 1996: 3 ) . However in order to assist kids to read it is of import to acquire them to read extensively. Nuttal farther adds that the latter is the easiest and most effectual manner of bettering the reading accomplishments. During reading, pupils may hold trouble decryption, and so hold trouble reading the words of their texts accurately. In add-on, these pupils read excessively easy, or deficiency eloquence. As a consequence of their slow, laA ­bored reading, they frequently do non grok much of what they read, and the attending they have to give to calculating out the words keeps them from understanding the text. All excessively frequently these pupils lack sufficient background cognition about the subject of a text. They may hold problem linking the thoughts of a text. They frequently are non familiar with the vocabulary they encounter, and have problem finding word significances. Further, even when the pupils posA ­sess relevant background cognition, they often are non able to actiA ­vate it to assist them understand what they read. Some readers besides are incognizant of text organisation. They do non cognize plenty about the organisational construction of narrations or the variA ­ous organisational constructions of expositive texts to assist them read and unA ­derstand. After reading, these pupils typically do non believe about or reflect upon what they have read. They about ne'er seek out extra information about a subject. The cumulative consequence of these troubles is that they frequently lose assurance in their ability to read. Because reading is hard for them and they can non and make non read widely. As a consequence, they are exposed excessively much less text and so receive much less pattern reading. Further, the pattern they do have is frequently frustrating, because many of the texts they are asked to read are excessively hard for them.5. The Ways to Instil More Interest in Reading among the LearnersTheorists, psycholinguists and linguists have given many sentiments refering to reading and the procedure of reading. Many agree that reading is a complex country ( Ehri, 2001 ; Snow, Burns and Griffin, 2006 ) . In the procedure of reading, the reader constructs intending from written texts. In reading, readers go through certain procedures. These procedures are explained through the three reading theoretical accounts viz. bottom-up, top-down and synergistic theoretical accounts of reading. The bottom-up theoretical account emphasizes on print, wherein the readers decode the print in the signifier of letters and words into text, into phonological representations before building significance ( Nooreiny Maarof, 1998 ) . The top-down theoretical account suggests that the readers guess the significance in the text by doing anticipations about the print and building of intending with the counsel of anterior cognition ( Ibid, 1998 ) . The synergistic theoretical account, on the other manus, combines both the reading theoretical accounts mentioned earlier. Harmonizing to this theoretical account, our reading is said to happen at assorted degrees through the interaction of physical texts on the page and our mental constructs. This theoretical account of reading reflects the underlying theory that supports it, viz. the scheme theory. Schema Theory is really our background cognition at work in the procedure of linguistic communication comprehension ( Hadley, 2000 ) . ESL instructors can make a reading wont among scholars by choosing books which are gratifying to read. The standard for choosing texts must be readability ( ie. accommodating the lingual degree of the reader ) and suitableness of content ( ie. accommodating the rational demands of the reader ) . When books are appealing in coloring material and illustrations with small bullying in linguistic communication and content, there will be sufficient motive to run into any novice reader ‘s appetency to read. Besides this the instructor could besides hold a set of category library books which pupils can borrow. Some scholars, one time provided with reading stuffs will read rather merrily with no farther encouragement from the instructor, others will necessitate farther inducements.One manner the ESL instructor can assist is by puting undertakings after reading a book. This provides a utile feedback to the instructor as to who is reading the most books and which books are most popular. Undertakings include supplying a guided book reappraisal format that the reader has to make full upon completion of a book and a category reading chart naming all the rubrics of books read on the horizontal axis of the grid with names of pupils on the perpendicular axis ofthe grid. By plotting, the chart will bespeak the general advancement ofreading in the category. It will be a good thought to inquire the readers to associate a small ofwhat they read and possibly keep category treatments on the more popula r books read. The texts that are given to pupils are simple and interesting and assist them in accommodating in literary texts. In the schoolroom we might hold a category of mix ability pupils and non ever all the pupils find the texts ‘simple ‘ per say. Teachers have to make their ‘extra ‘ prep to do the texts either simpler for the weaker pupils or more hard for the good pupils. Merely to do the texts interesting and stimulating are n't plenty. Teachers need to be a good function theoretical account in advancing healthy reading wonts. When pupils see for themselves that the instructors read and are knowing automatically pupils would desire to be like them. In short, being a good function theoretical account is really critical in instructors ‘ profession. The texts besides must suitable for each degree but we ca n't state that the linguistic communication or vocabulary is non excessively hard. Private reading can be a rewarding and self-sufficient activity for them, worthy of the clip and energy they invest in it. They see what reading has to offer them. Students who are firmly established as competent readers read with understanding at a actual degree and can besides read beyond the text and between the lines. They infer and deduce both concealed and implied significances and, even though their illations may non ever be firmly rooted in the text, they by and large make sense. Students at this degree deploy a scope of inventive responses to text, such as empathy, anticipation and guess. They may compare the universe of the text to their ain experiences and are able to do simple remarks about a author ‘s point of view every bit good as the consequence of the text on the reader. In both fiction and non-fiction texts, students are able to pick out relevant points, back uping them by some by and large relevant textual mention or citation every bit good as identifying and doing simple remarks about the author ‘s usage of linguistic communication and organisational characteristics.6. The Strategies to Foster the Reading Habit among Malayan LearnersIn position of this, something has to be done to cut down and if possible, to wholly eliminate illiteracy among pupils. Therefore, to get down with, instructors must be seen as function theoretical accounts for the pupils to emulate. Teachers must read a batch in order to maintain abreast with the fast-changing information age. Teachers should affect themselves in reading because harmonizing to Eskey ( 1986. p.21, cited in Renandya & A ; Jacobs, 2002 ) : â€Å" ReadingaˆÂ ¦must be developed, and can merely be developed, by agencies of extended and continued pattern. Peoples learn to read, and read better by reading. † This position on extended reading as a reading wont is besides shared by Krashen ( 1993, p. 23, cited in Renandya & A ; Jacobs, 2002 ) that through reading we â€Å" develop a good authorship manner, an equal vocabulary, advanced grammar and aˆÂ ¦ becomes good spellers † . Finnochiaro ( 1989 ) besides suggests that instructors need to read to assist ease their teaching-learning activity in the schoolroom as information obtained through their reading will assist them maintain in touch with current issues and to use them in their schoolroom treatment. An effectual instructor is a instructor who ever keeps abreast with alterations be it in learning or larning facets. In position of the above mentioned jobs, the research worker would wish to look into the reading wonts of instructors in the four schools. The hapless reading wonts among Malaysians can be seen in studies conducted by the Ministry of Education on National Literacy in 1982 and 1996 ( Kaur and Thiyagarajah, 1999 ) . In the earlier study, an mean Malayan citizen read a mere page or two a twelvemonth whilst the later revealed an norm of two books a twelvemonth. In position of this, the research looked into the reading wonts of instructors in four government-aided secondary schools ( Mission Schools ) in Kuching territory. The survey focused on the types of reading stuffs that they read, whether their instruction tonss inhibit their reading wonts, factors that influence their reading wonts, clip spent on reading and grounds for reading. Every one of us knows how to read, but how frequently we read and what sort of stuff we read? We can non deny that reading is a really good wont, We can get the general cognition by reading. That is why we are inculcated the reading wont by our parent and instructors since we are immature. But, Malaysians have hapless reading wont. Well, if you do n't believe that, merely look into out the study done by the National Library in 2005 to find the profile of Malayan readers. More than half of the 65,000 respondents answered that they read less than seven pages a twenty-four hours and those 10 old ages and above merely read about two books a twelvemonth. Now, it is the clip to do the Malaysians realize the of import of reading and do it as their wont. There are many reading stuffs around us, for illustration, newspapers, magazines and all sort of books. Possibly people feel that reading the words on the paper is a deadening occupation in this engineering century, hence, a new sort of book is being created, that is, electronic book. The words are non lie on the documents any longer, but on the screen of computing machine and you can convey along it wherever you go. It is really convenience to the people today, you merely salvage the book you want to read in the computing machine, no affair how many of book you want to read, there is no the midst and heavy of the documents. Other than that, the authorities has already put attempt into the plans that encourage the people to read more. Many plans have been organized, such as reading festival, reading run and so on. Although the attempts did non derive many supports from the populace, we can non deny the attempts were really do an consequence. Many of the people who were take portion in those plans know the of import of reading and do reading as their new wont now. Besides, the reading wont should be inculcated among childs. To make that, the function of parents and early instruction is really of import. The parents must state the kids about the benefits of reading and do reading more interesting to pull their attending toward reading. Parents may read them a narrative before slumber and inquire the kid read the narrative in bend on the following twenty-four hours. In position of this job, Malaysian A Ministry of Education ( MoE ) attempts to implement more effectual and efficient readingA programsA which are executed consistently and continuouslyA A via a long termA plan known as NILAM Program ‘NP ‘ ( Nadi Ilmu Amalan Membaca ) or slackly translated as â€Å" reading is the pulsation of cognition. Government schools or schools under MoE in Malaysia instructed to put to death NP get downing from January 1999 in conformity to CircularA Num.13/1998A dated 22A May 1998. NILAM: Concept Guide Book and Implementation inA School published by Technology of Education Division, Ministry of Education of Malaysia ( 1998 ) . The Education Ministry is widening the range of the NilamA or Award to promote more studentsA from primary schools every bit good as secondary schools nationwideA to read. The Nilam Award is a reading programme initiated by the Education Ministry in 1999 to instill the reading wont. Students are recognized at primary and secondary school degrees harmonizing to the figure of books they have read. To be awarded the Nilam Award at primary school degree, pupils must read 360 books or more, while at secondary school degree, they have to read 288 books and supra. To measure up, pupils are required to enter their reading activities in reading records. In bend, instructors must attest these records. Recognition is later given to pupils based on the figure of books they have read and reading activities, such as storytelling, that they have carried out. Other extended reading programmes have besides been implemented over the old ages such as Uninterrupted Sustained Silent Reading ( USSR ) , ‘Drop Everything and Read ‘ ( DEAR ) and the Book Flood Approach ( Elley and Mangubahi, 1983 as cited in Renandya and Jacobs, 2002 ) . The intent of the programme is that readers read big measures of books and other stuffs in an environment that nurtures a womb-to-tomb reading wont. While much attempt has been put into reading runs and programmes, indicant is that more and more Malaysians are non interested in picking up the wont. Malayan pupils at the third degree have so shown our pupils ‘ hapless respects for reading ( Mohd Sallehudin 1994, as cited in Normah 2004 ) . The recent, Read-a-thon Read2009 was to instill a love for reading and charity among the immature. For the 2nd twelvemonth running, pupils throughout the state late participated in Malaysia ‘s biggest reading endurance contest. This event was organized by Scholastic, the universe ‘s largest publishing house and distributer of kids ‘s books. This twelvemonth ‘s read-a-thon, titled Read2009: One State Reading Together, was supported by the Education Ministry and held in concurrence with its 1Malaysia Reading Camp. Read2009 was a simple name with a large message. Students read recreationally for 2009 seconds ( 33 proceedingss 29 seconds ) . Reading recreationally means that pupils choose a book of their pick, alternatively of regular school text. Students can read independently or together with their schoolmates and instructors. The aim of Read2009 is to instill pupils with a love of reading. The programme emphasizes diversion reading because pupils must be able to tie in good feelings and pleasant memories with their reading experience ; otherwise, it becomes a job. Reading provides a valuable support of linguistic communication and constructions presented in the schoolroom. It besides provides scholars the chance to pattern deducing significances from the context where constructions and vocabulary are unfamiliar. In add-on, it enables the scholar to reproduce mentally and vocally looks and words present in any written signifier. Therefore, consciously or unconsciously the scholar begins to pass on efficaciously, utilizing the cognition acquired through reading. Extensive reading besides provides the scholar an chance to increase his reading velocity, a accomplishment seldom touched upon in the ESL schoolroom. As the pupil is reading for pleasance, opportunities are he will be eager to see what happens following and will therefore attempt to read faster. Furthermore, as the scholar is reading on subjects that involvements him, it increases his motive and gives him a more positive attitude towards the mark linguistic communication. â€Å" To get the wont of reading is to build for yourself a safety from about all the wretchednesss of life. † – W. Somerset Maugham Somewhere after â€Å" lose weight † , â€Å" halt procrastinating † , and â€Å" autumn in love † , â€Å" read more † is one of the top ends that many people set for themselves. And justly so: A good book can be enormously hearty, can learn you about things beyond your day-to-day skylines, and can make characters so vivid you feel as if you truly cognize them.The following are several ways to cultivate reading wont.Set times. Always carry a book. Make a list. Find a quiet topographic point. Reduce television/Internet. Keep a log. Travel to used book stores. Have a library twenty-four hours. Read merriment and compelling books.. Make it enjoyable. Blog it. Set a high end Have a reading hr or reading twenty-four hoursDecisionThe undertaking of reading is accomplished through an interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing. A individual ‘s yesteryear cognition allows text deconstruction but is at the same time added to during the procedure by new information. Becoming a fluid reader involves happening connexions to one ‘s ain life and doing new information portion of one ‘s ain cognition. The development of principled flexible accomplishments that can be applied to different reading undertakings is one of the most effectual things from a reading category. Learners every bit good as instructors can break understand what messages are in a text by analyzing it with a figure of attacks. Schema theory offers insight on the manner cognition is constructed but is far from a complete unveiling of the cryptic procedure of reading. As instructors, it is of import to supply quality reading beginnings that are suitably leveled and of high involvement to kids. Research has shown that when kids are interested in what they read, comprehension improves. In this plan, we have included fiction, nonfiction, and readers ‘ theatre books, literacy centres, online readers, and synergistic reading experiences. We have addressed the edifice blocks of reading direction by supplying readers and related activities that reinforce phonemic consciousness and phonics, vocabulary development, eloquence, and comprehension. And, the stuffs provided to back up these edifice blocks are synergistic and actuating. It has to be said that doing scholars cognizant of the larning schemes they can use to assist them in their reading does look to hold its advantages. The scholars in the present survey by and large performed better after the consciousness raising session and this is apparent in the better sum-ups they provided of Text 2. Si nce this is merely an exploratory survey no far-reaching claims will be made until the scholars concluding tonss for the reading class are obtained. In any instance, the thought that there is an alternate to long-run scheme direction that does non incur much cost or schoolroom hours but can still heighten scholars scheme consciousness is an attractive option to see. Reading is an of import beginning of cognition for those seeking to accomplish eloquence and efficiency in a foreign linguistic communication. However, efficiency in reading is merely possible if the reader is equipped with the appropriate reading accomplishments. In the ESL categories, most of these accomplishments are taught during intensive reading lessons. Learners of the linguistic communication can shortly go efficient reading if they utilize the accomplishments taught to construe the author ‘s purposes and deductions when reading reliable stuffs. The ESL instructor can promote reading wonts among scholars by puting undertakings to complement the reading programme. Ultimately thought, the reader has to pull off on his ain. Motivation besides is one of the cardinal factors that determine the rate and success of scholars ‘ attainment. It provides the chief inducement to originate the acquisition of a foreign linguistic communication and subsequently the finding to con tinue and prolong the long hard acquisition procedure. Without sufficient motive, even persons with the best of abilities can non carry through long-run ends. As we have seen, a developmental model of reading can be forged from the extended research in expertness that chronicles the womb-to-tomb journey toward proficiency that begins with one ‘s first engages with written linguistic communication. We recognize that there are other powerful forces and events in the lives of readers, outside those considered here, that can assist find the destiny of developing readers. However, our focal point here has been on the factors addressed in the expertness literature, and peculiarly in the research on the Model of Domain Learning ( Alexander, 1997 ) . Those factors-knowledge, involvement, and strategies-should be elements of effectual reading plans and school course of study. Within instructor development, the committedness to this lifespan position would besides ensue in certain programmatic accents. For case, there would be expressed attending to the instruction of schemes that underlie reading public presentation. In that manner, instructors would be better able to help their pupils in the development of rich strategic repertories. Further, we would anticipate professional development to aim a scope of narrative and expositive reading stuffs of both a traditional ( e.g. , book ) and non-alternative ( e.g. , Web pages ) nature ; stuffs that pupils are likely to face in and out of school. In add-on, techniques for actuating readers and for integrating their involvements in reading direction would be an built-in portion of instructors ‘ professional development. Possibly most significantly, a concern for the fosterage of rea ding development would no longer be relegated to the early simple classs. Rather, the development of reading would be seen as a duty of all teachers-from preschool through high school.

Application of Discounted Cash Flow

As per the ratio analysis determined from the financial statements of TNO Limited, it can be said that the net profit ratio of the company declined in the current unaudited period compared to that of the previous year by around 9%. Similarly, return on assets of the company also declined by around 10%, which indicates that the capacity to generate revenue from the assets is not sufficient. Working capital ratio of the company reflected 1.91, which was higher in the previous audited financial year indicating that the value of assets has been declined in the current year to meet the current liabilities. According to the financial statements of the company, it can be said that the net income reflected declining trend in the current financial year. It has been observed that the revenue of the company also reflected 58% decline compared to that of the previous year 2009 indicating reduction in the overall expected rate of return. During the current financial year, it has been noticed that the solvency ratio of the company declined in the current year, which was 0.50 in the previous audited period that may lower the return on investment and increase the cost of capital structure (Knechel & Salterio, 2016). On the contrary, liquidity ratio of the company reflected increased value in the current financial year, which reflects the ability of the company to convert resources in cash within short- term period (Lu, Wu & Yu, 2017). Considering the non- current assets of the company, it can be said that the value of investments has been increased in the current year. Increase in value of investments has been measured through properties, which was valued by directors as per the basis of financial year 2010 (Kou, Peng & Wang, 2014). Accordingly, it can be said that the investment valuation of the company reflected risk of decline in market value that may affect the true and fair view of the assets value. In addition, the account of intangible asset valuation reflects significant risk of correct valuation, appropriate amortization charges and value as per the current and fair market rates (Uechi et al., 2015). While planning and performing analytical procedures, it is essential to measure the significant risk present in the financial statements to assess the materiality and relevance of the financial performance of the company. In the present case, the areas that have been considered for significant risks are investments and intangible assets other than overall income statement and balance sheet. The investment account has been identified for significant risk since it covers a significant area of company’s asset and overall financial position. It is essential for a company to measure the appropriate and correct value of investments in accordance with the fair market value (Delen, Kuzey & Uyar, 2013). In case of TNO Limited, investment of surplus funds and property market is principal business activities therefore it is essential to conduct appropriate audit test on the value of investments. It is important to conduct detailed valuation of the investment together with the current mar ket value as well as interest rates along with the verification of accounting records of investment. On the other hand, valuation of intangible assets has been considered since it involves a significant area in the company’s overall asset resources. Since, TNO limited has been involved in research and development of technologies, it is essential to consider appropriate value of intangible assets as per the current market structure. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., & Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.  Expert Systems with Applications,  40(10), 3970-3983. Dudzi?ska-Bary?a, R., & Michalska, E. (2015). Visualisations of the risk investment valuation and the level of inventory control using the GeoGebra software.  Studia Ekonomiczne,  247, 7-19. Knechel, W. R., & Salterio, S. E. (2016).  Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. Kou, G., Peng, Y., & Wang, G. (2014). Evaluation of clustering algorithms for financial risk analysis using MCDM methods.  Information Sciences,  275, 1-12. Lu, L. Y., Wu, H., & Yu, Y. (2017). Investment-related Pressure and Audit Risk.  Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Mohammed, M. I., Omirin, M. M., Singhry, I. M., & Auwal, U. (2016). Application of discounted cash-flow (DCF) models in the valuation of investment properties in Nigeria.  International Journal of the Built Environment and Asset Management,  2(1), 25-36. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H. E., Marcus, A. J., & Kenett, D. Y. (2015). Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.  Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,  421, 488-509.

Politics of Ancient Greece Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics of Ancient Greece - Term Paper Example Such situation was highly untypical for the rest of contemporary societies that mostly relied on the tribal principle. The core factor that could be held responsible for the fragmentation of ancient Greece into numerous city-states was the country's geography, namely numerous mountains, hills and rivers that served as natural barriers between the regions. Despite self-identification as 'one people' the poleis fiercely defended their independent status and almost never considered the option of unification. Therefore, the political system of Ancient Greece had at least two specific characteristics that distinguished it from the rest of contemporary political systems: Furthermore, even small city-states that could not compete with their larger neighbors were rarely conquered or ruled directly another polis. Instead the common practice in Ancient Greece was grouping of poleis into confederations or leagues, members of which constantly changed. In the Classical Period (5th and 4th centuries BC), these leagues became larger and fewer with one powerful polis being the dominant member. Athens, Sparta and Thebes were the three poleis that played the key roles in respective leagues. Prior to the birth of democracy in Athens, the poleis we... Rapid development of trade followed by the emergence of a middle class by the 6th century BC led to transformation of the traditional aristocratic rule. In some poleis such as Corinth the middle class revolted, overthrew the rule of aristocracy and replaced it with the dictators (tyrants). However, the rule of the tyrants was highly unstable because the aristocracy desperately wanted to regain control and used any methods in doing so (Rhodes, 2006, p.256-257). In other poleis, the process of transformation was more peaceful because the ruling class reasonably admitted the power of middle classes and included their representatives into the ruling council. This type of government successfully existed in Sparta and became known as oligarchy, or 'rule by the few'. Athens also fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century, but already in the 5th century BC the polis managed to establish the first democratic system or 'rule by the people'. Athens was described as having the most innovative and sophisticated democracy among all political structures that existed at that time and had democratic features (Dahl, 1989). Political ideals and aims of the classical Athenian democracy were expressed by the outstanding Greek philosopher Aristotle in The Politics dated between 335 and 323 BC. Aristotle identified liberty as one of the founding principles of the classical democratic constitution. The philosopher argues that liberty has two major aspects, namely: 1) ruling and being ruled in turn; 2) living as one chooses (Aristotle, 1984) The ideals of Athenian democracy - equality among citizens, liberty, and respect for the law and justice - have had great influence in the Western political thought, "although there are some central ideas, for

Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Performance - Essay Example Team learning and group dynamics are two of the most important imperatives of organizational behavior that significantly impact performance outcome. Effective team work constitutes one of the most important factors that make valuable contribution to the organization promoting a sense of togetherness and collective responsibility that reflects in the increased output and improved performance of the organization. Argote claims that team learning processes involve collective acquisition, combination, creation and sharing of knowledge and that they are considerable influenced by the internal team dynamics (Argote, 1999). Leadership within the team inspires others to achieve common goals through persuasive communication skill. Leadership motivates and encourages that target group within the group that plays a crucial part in the development processes. Group dynamics play crucial role in the smooth functioning of the organizations. The rapid globalization has ushered in an era of multicultural society with people from different race, culture and nationality. Workplace diversity has become common feature and understanding of cross cultural values for mutual trust building has become important. Group dynamics are characterized by unique code of behavior that is specific to the group that is developed over a period of time. According to Hartley ‘value congruity between personal values and perceived value†¦ increased acceptance of that group’ (Hartley, 1960). It is further argues that participation within the group has positive effect on both attitude and job performance (Vroom, 1959). Indeed, emerging new managerial leadership must encompass a very important aspect of organizations, that of making effort to involve employees in the decision making process. The leadership has recognized the importance of people’s

'Future of Multimedia' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

'Future of Multimedia' - Essay Example The pursuit has resulted in comfort and color in life. The technological era introduced advanced machines and other tools that laid a foundation for what we have today. The industrial age gave rise to the field of science and technology and efforts started on laboratory level for the benefit and well being of mankind. Amongst those efforts was the approach towards the media, communication and technology. While communication routes can be traced back to early years 20th century when Wright brothers (Heppenheimer, 2003) successfully launched an aero plane which was more of a glider. This was first of few steps towards the transition that was bound to become part of the human life. It was soon followed by communication in terms of wireless systems and later wired mode of transmissions in later years of the century. The middle decades of 20th century saw introduction of television and other modes of communication which were the sign of events to come. Multimedia according to Tay Vaughan is defined as set of mediums that are grouped together to make up one large entity that fulfils the requirements in number of ways. It mainly includes graphical, textual format of content (Green & Brown,page 2, 2002). Like every other system, the entity of multimedia has gone through various stages and has reached the point where we see it today, where depiction of nearly everything is possible through multi media. What we see today is a reformed shape of multimedia that has gone through many phases of improvements and transitions. Since multimedia is in various forms around us each of them has undergone transition in its own way. Multimedia in a way has replaced the old means of communication, while newspapers were heavily relied on for information and keeping in touch with the outside world, multimedia sources have made it possible to watch the news life as it happens without the need of waiting for next morning to receive the newspaper. Post mails would take days to reach the des ired persons; electronic mails have replaced them that enable instantaneous contact. With digital graphics all around, multimedia finds its applications in the field of advertising. Every channel is dependent on the advertisements for managing the finances and expenses, attractive multimedia techniques are naturally bound to attract customers towards themselves, therefore they are thickly used for the advertising campaigns. The usage of multimedia is not just limited to marketing, rather in the educational institutes and corporate enterprises, projectors and presentations are in daily use for presentations. In the field of engineering, besides the signal processing techniques, large number of softwares are implemented that are used in building constructions, bridges and dams constructions, all courtesy the multimedia and invention of computers. A secret behind the massive invasion of multimedia over our society is the feature of creativity. Ability of making all those things which w ere only limited to imagination and fantasies. While flying was once only dreamed of, it has become possible. Similarly communication without wires was only an imagination; today it has become a fact. Creativity can be seen in form of the presentation and graphical colors all

International Relations College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relations College - Essay Example Two such people are economist Amatya Sen and medical anthropologist Paul Farmer. Their experiences and observations regarding the state of the poor and deprived people today inspired the two authors to write and publish their works that they hope will enlighten the people of the world. Amatya Sen's composition is entitled 'Development as Freedom' while Farmer had 'Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor'. Both works reveal how deep the deterioration of society has reached. In the two compositions, we hear of true life stories that detail how many of our kind are suffering and how some had their life cut short unnecessarily. Sen calls for social development as a way to give the people the freedom to develop their selves and contribute to the development of society in general. He emphasizes the need to pursue enhanced literacy, accessible and affordable health care, the empowerment of women, and the free flow of information because these are the ingredients which will ultimately deliver us the kind of development we envision. In the course of his medical practice, Farmer came to know of the many tragedies afflicting other people. In his book, we come to know of the Haitian girl who gave herself to the whims of a soldier who she hoped would rescue her and her family from poverty. In the end, however, she only acquired AIDS from the soldier. Farmer relates how petty criminals die in Russian prison, how many people die of tuberculosis and how many people could have been saved if only social institutions were willing to give a little more. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the two works. I will be determining the similarities and differences in their ideas and their treatments of the subject. 2.0 Similarities The most striking similarity between Sen and Farmer is their exposition of the ills of society particularly that of the deprivation of basic necessities. So many people in the world today suffer from ignorance, disease and death because they were not afforded the opportunity to develop themselves. Some of them were even intentionally left in that state due to certain beliefs that actually contain hidden motives. Both authors wanted people to know the affliction that is surreptitiously killing many of our kind. Both authors criticize the existing system of society today due to its complacency towards addressing the plight of millions of people of the world. Sen, for example, attacks the belief system that human rights violation is inherent in Asian culture. According to him, such a system was fabricated to justify authoritarians and totalitarian regimes that hide under the guise of leaders and reformers. In any case, this should not serve as an excuse to deprive the people of the freedom to live their life to the fullest. The main problem in the system that characterize the government and other sectors of society today is that they have become engrossed with "identifying development with the growth of gross national product, or with the rise in personal incomes, or with industrialization, or with technological advance, or with social modernization" when they should have given more importance to "social and economic arrangements (for example, facilities for education and health

The Rise of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rise of Capitalism - Essay Example Smith’s theory that propagated dependence of individualism that oozed out of the nation at this time period. America’s obsession with Industrial began with Slater’s mills in which textiles became the primary market to produce. Although it may seem a new age, most workers were orphans or children who owed debt to the nation. The drive of capitalism for this country relied on many factors that included slavery, turned raw goods into products, factories, and the ability to produce such a drastic workforce. Jefferson understood and acknowledged this problem. He feared that the America could not be properly industrialized due to the fact that it would not attract workers. Hence, the need to build factories around villages became critical components towards the move to industrialize America. Moreover, the ability of the American leaders to explore the â€Å"wild west† catapulted the nation to expand and dramatically changed from an urban to a rural area. One of the most significant factors that contributed to the development expansion of the United States was the fertile land that was available in the South. The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled United States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land that extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States border. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to development of United States. The south had to dramatically shift their economy to tobacco and cotton to agriculture. In the north, corn supply was enhanced along with the focus on producing textiles. Cities such as New York and Chicago became the top commerce cities that built its economic empire due to the industrial revolution. The creation of Erie Canal became the hallmark of water commerce that enabled America to lower shipping costs

Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Liberties - Essay Example He was instructed by Supreme Court to put down his website after being convicted of murdering police officials (Salakhan n.p). Such measure was taken to ensure that opinions of judiciary were not influenced by external factors and remained bias-free. However, restricting free flow of information and only making limited facts available results in ineffective decisions. Depriving Al-Amin from his right of speech also gives rise to a probability that a general American is susceptible to abuse of power by authorities. It also raises a question if having different opinions (even unethical ones) makes infringement of freedom of speech legitimate. United States Courts have been visibly clear about what a free speech means. According to their version, freedom of speech includes not to speak, usage of black armbands by students, use of offensive words and phrases to convey political messages, contribution of money for political campaigns, advertising commercials products and to engage in symb olic speech. On the other hand, inciting actions that would harm others, making and distribution of obscene material would not be included in freedom of speech (â€Å"What Does Free Speech† n.p). ... The argument is constructed on a premise that Al-Amin’s speech was for political motives and collection of financial resources; and a dissemination of print material to general public via web. If the court considers use of web by Al-Amin to disseminate offensive material, their jurisdiction may appear valid under the laws governing censorship of web which is a restriction on availability of information that government considers to inappropriate (â€Å"Freedom Online† n.p). However, socialists perceive such restriction as an infringement of civil liberties. It is important to note that such restrictions would only reflect doctrines of those in power, having an impact on civil liberties. Furthermore, an imposition of authority results in lesser expression of one’s thoughts. Observing definition of permissible speech and its corroboration with criticism on censorship on web, it can be seen that Supreme Court’s decision of depriving Jamil Al-Amin of expressing his opinion was an infringement of basic civil liberties. A critical analysis of these theoretical concepts indicates that infringement of civil liberty of a single citizen can be extended and replicated on others’ case as well. In Jamil’s case, the Supreme Court deprived him of expressing his opinion and also gathering funds for his cause which is also a classification of freedom of speech under Supreme Court’s definition (â€Å"What Does Free Speech† n.p). The first amendment itself celebrates difference of opinion and considers it a right of every American to express themselves while restricting Congress to cause any infringement. Such interference gives an undue dominance to state

IF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IS TOO EXPENSIVE TO COVER ALL EVENTUALITIES, IT Essay

IF PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IS TOO EXPENSIVE TO COVER ALL EVENTUALITIES, IT MUST BE RATIONED. DICUSS - Essay Example It shall discuss the benefits and demerits of each side of the argument and after considering the points of discussion, this student shall make an informed decision about the issue. Health care rationing has various benefits and advantages for the health care system in general. First and foremost, health care rationing will help patients who cannot afford medical care and who do not have medical insurance. It will help improve their medical options and give them access to better health care. â€Å"For patients without health insurance who must pay the entire cost of the medicine, their doctors†¦opt for the cheaper of two types of medication†¦leaving them more money for other expenses† (Dingeman, 2004). In worst case scenarios, patients sometimes opt not to take any medication or undertake any medical procedures at all. Advocates of rationing argue that rationing will give patients a chance to avail of the best possible medical care that their financial circumstances would not normally allow. Rationing is the preferred solution to the increased cost in healthcare spending because it encourages implementers of the system to remedy the situation. â€Å"Even if the money is there, the UK has a long-standing ideological hang-up about tapping it from all available sources, private as well as public† (Redwood, 2000, p. 24). Because of this, many practitioners and government officials believe that rationing is inevitable because it is the solution that will work when times will really get rough. Two years ago, a report revealed that many doctors have come to agree that the time for health care rationing has come â€Å"because the NHS cannot cope with spiralling demand from patients† (Campbell, 2007). The British Medical Association (BMA) claimed that treatments like plastic surgery, fertility sessions, and other minor ailments will be among the first procedures that will be cut from the list of

Summary, Paraphrase, and Critical Analysis of a Section Essay Example for Free

Summary, Paraphrase, and Critical Analysis of a Section Essay The Ph. D. dissertation process is an enjoyable and rewarding experience for the doctoral supervisor. The dissertation process involves working with a graduate student to get an idea in motion and following through the research process to new, positive results that lead to obtaining a Ph. D. degree, first job, and publishing career. By staying positive, a doctoral supervisor is able to help students overcome fears, risks, and challenges to achieve great rewards. The opinions in this paper are solely based on one supervisor’s 20 years worth of experience in chairing or as a committee member on 28 dissertations in marketing. The goal of this paper is to analyze the supervisor-student relationship as the dissertation process progresses and develops careers in publishing. Paraphrase A doctoral supervisor of Ph. D. dissertations serves as a critical player in the dissertation process. The supervisor starts by guiding the students to a novel idea that will allow research to culminate with the student obtaining a Ph. D. degree, first job, and published material on the research completed. The dissertation process is riddled with risks, obstacles, and fears by the students, but a supportive and understanding supervisor will allow the students the positive guidance needed for success in the dissertation process. Based on the 20 years experience of one American doctoral supervisor, the goal of the paper is to provide a glimpse at the relationship that is built between a dissertation supervisor and doctoral student during the dissertation process and to show that the rewards of following through are greater than the obstacles. Critical Analysis The written section about the experiences of one American doctoral supervisor of Ph.  D. dissertations has a personal, first person view of the graduate process. The paper will appeal to doctoral supervisors and students with an interest in formulating a positive, long-lasting relationship during the graduate school process. This particular supervisor has been personally successful at helping students navigate the dissertation process, obtain first jobs, and develop early careers in publishing. The section is not as effective as it would have been had the author used specific examples of success, rather than just stating that the doctoral supervisor needs to have positive attitude about the process. The author also should explain in more detail his experience in marketing research so as to captivate a wider audience interest in the topic of the section. Overall, the goal of the paper was stated, an outline of the topics to be discussed were given, as well as a brief history of the experience of the writer were discussed and would be of current interest to those dissertation supervisors and doctoral students starting out on the dissertation and career development road.

Wal-Mart Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Essay At the same time, it continued to look for retailing opportunities elsewhere, particularly in developing nations where it lacked strong local competitors, where it could gradually alter the shopping culture to its advantage, and where its low price strategy was appealing. Recently, the centerpiece of its international expansion efforts has been China. Wal-Mart opened its first store in China in 1996, but initially expanded very slowly, and by 2006 had only 66 stores. What Wal-Mart discovered, however, was that the Chinese were bargain hunters, and open to the low price strategy and wide selection offered at Wal-Mart stores. Indeed, in terms of their shopping habits, the emerging Chinese middle class seemed more like Americans than Europeans. But to succeed in China, Wal-Mart also found it had to adapt its merchandising and operations strategy to mesh with Chinese culture. One of the things that Wal-Mart has learned is that Chinese consumers insist that food must be freshly harvested, or even killed in front of them. Wal-Mart initially offended Chinese consumers by trying to sell them dead fish, as well as meat packed in Styrofoam and cellophane. Shoppers turned their noses up at what they saw as old merchandise. So Wal-Mart began to display the meat uncovered, installed fish tanks into which shoppers could plunge fishing nets to pull out their evening meal, and began selling live turtles for turtle soup. Sales soared. Wal-Mart has also learned that in China, success requires it to embrace unions. Whereas in the United States Wal-Mart has vigorously resisted unionization, it came to the realization that in China unions don’t bargain for labor contracts. Instead, they are an arm of the state, providing funding for the Communist Party and (in the government’s view) securing social order. In mid- 2006 Wal-Mart broke with its long standing antagonism to unions and agreed to allow unions in its Chinese stores. Many believe this set the stage for Wal-Mart’s most recent move, the purchase in December 2006 of a 35 percent stake in the Trust-Mart chain, which has 101 hypermarkets in 34 cities across China. Now Wal-Mart has proclaimed that China lies at the center of its growth strategy. By early 2009 Wal-Mart had some 243 stores in the country, and despite the global economic slowdown, the company insists that it will continue to open new stores in China at a â€Å"double digit rate. †66 3. Why do you think Wal-Mart failed in South Korea and Germany? What are the differences between these countries and Mexico? 4. What must Wal-Mart do to succeed in China? Is it on track?

Solid Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal INTRODUCTION Human development and health is greatly influenced by the environment in which they live in (Centre for Disease Control, 2009). Solid waste constitutes a major source of environmental hazard. Environmental hazards accounts for an estimated 25 % of the total burden of disease worldwide and nearly 35 % of ill-health in sub Saharan Africa is caused by environmental hazards (WHO, 2009). This dissertation is a report of a qualitative study done to find out the perceptions of Warri South Local Authority staff on solid waste and its disposal in Warri municipal. According to Beede and Bloom (2003), the perception and attitude of people towards waste can affect the way it is managed; hence it is essential to gain an insight and knowledge about the perception of Warri South Local Authority staff on solid waste and its disposal in Warri since they play a major role in the planning and running of Warri municipal. If they do not perceive waste disposal in Warri as a priority, little or no attenti on will be given to it. This first chapter starts by offering a background for the study. It will highlight the problem of municipal solid waste and depict its importance and public health consequences. The purpose of study, methodology adopted and potential benefits of this study are also discussed briefly. Overview of other chapters will also be discussed. BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY The World Health Organization (WHO) constitution of 1964, defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Naidoo and Williams, 2000). A clean environment is one of the prerequisite of a good health because there is a close relationship between the environment and peoples health. A high quality environment allow people to live longer in good and positive health (ref) Solid waste constitutes a major source of environmental hazard if not properly managed. The activities of humans and animals produce waste and the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of, can pose risks to the environment and to public health (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993; Baritone, 1995; Ofomata, 2001, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to non-air and non-sewage emissions created within and disposed of by a municipality this includes household garbage, commercial refuse, construction and demolition debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles (Cointreau, 1982; Walling et al., 2004). There are several classification of solid waste based on their origin, characteristics and risk potentials (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). They are broadly classified by their characteristic as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This classification is based on the quality of solid waste generated from different sources. According to Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, 2007), biodegradable waste consists of all organic wastes that decay naturally as the result of the action of micro organisms into useful or less polluting products. Non-biodegradable wastes consist of wastes that do not breakdown naturally and must be recycled, burnt or buried; a common example is the plastic shopping bag (Williams, 2005). In the beginning of civilization, disposal of waste was not a significant problem because population was small and land available for assimilation of waste was abundant (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993; Ahmed and Ali, 2004). Solid waste generated by the traditional society were little and simple, mostly containing organic matter while those generated by todays technological societies are large and complex. Problems of waste disposal started from the time people began to assemble in clans, villages, and communities and the build up of waste became a consequence of life (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993) The rapid developments of cities across the globe have led to an increase in the amount of waste produced from human activities; this has posed a challenge of disposal to both developed and less developing nations (WHO, 2009). According to United Nations Development Programme survey report of one hundred and fifty one mayors of different cities from around the world, inadequate solid waste disposal is the second most pressing problem facing city residents after unemployment (Da Zhu et al, 2008). This problem is further compounded as many nations continue to urbanize rapidly and to increase in population, making it difficult for most municipal authorities to provide most of the basic services (Ogbonna et al, 2002, Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). According to United Nation Statistic Division (UNSD, 2009) Nigeria has a population of about 140 million with an annual urban growth of 3.8%. It is a developing country that has persistent solid waste management problems in addition to her growing population (Walling et al, 2004). An average Nigerian generates about 0.49 kg of solid waste per day with households and commercial centres contributing almost 90% of total urban waste burden (Uguwh, 2009) Developing countries spend as much as 20 to 40% of their municipal revenues on waste management (Thomas-Hope 1998, Schà ¼beler 1996, Bartone 2000); yet they are often unable to solve the problem as one to two-thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected, while the uncollected waste is dumped on the land in a more or less uncontrolled manner (Onwurah et al, 2003, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Even the collected waste is often disposed in an uncontrolled dump site or burnt, contributing to water and air pollution (Da Zhu et al, 2008). Indiscriminate disposal and dumping of waste has become a common practice in Nigerian cities. Municipal solid waste heaps are found in several parts of major Nigerian cities like Warri, often blocking roads, alleys, and pavements (Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). Most of the waste dumps are located close to residential areas, Markets, farms, roadsides, and creeks; with many human activities close to the dump sites, there is an increase threat to public health (Ogbonna et al, 2002). Generally, the uncollected solid wastes are left to decay, and this produces foul odour thereby constituting a source of environmental nuisance (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled burning, another common method of disposing waste in Nigeria and this have often led to fire outbreaks. Smoke arising from such fires can reduce visibility, and have been known to cause fatal vehicular accidents (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Warri is a major oil city located in Delta state Nigeria, with a population of over a million. Its population is rapidly growing due to urbanization and oil exploration activities; the total waste load for Warri is about 66 721 tonnes per year (Ajao and Anurigwo , 2002). Municipal Solid Waste and Public Health Implication The management of municipal solid waste is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries (Harris, 2004). The improper management of solid wastes represents a source of environmental pollution, and poses risks to human health (Puri et al., 2008). Municipal waste in most cities contain human excreta, animal excreta, hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps which can facilitate the spread of diseases and injury particularly among children playing near waste dumpsites and employees in waste management sector (Da Zhu et al, 2008). Poor disposal of solid waste is associated with spread of vector borne-diseases like malaria and dengue fever (McKenzie et al., 2004; Puri et al., 2008). Infrequently disposed refuse tend to become breeding sites for mosquitoes, as pools of rain water collect in discarded cans, bottles and car tires (Ofomata and Eze, 2001) Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of malaria-a life threatening disease through their bites (Human Protection Agency, 2009). Malaria accounts for an estimated 300-500 million cases globally; which is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. It accounts for about 1.5-2.5 million deaths yearly, most of them among children under five years (WHO, 2009). Decomposing organic materials can become breeding sites for pests, rats, flies and vermin that enhance the likelihood of disease transmission like diarrhoea and Lassa fever (Simon, 2008). Lassa fever is a haemorrhagic fever common in four African countries: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It is transmitted to humans from contacts with food or household items contaminated with rodent excreta (HPA, 2009; WHO, 2009). Uncollected waste left to accumulate or dumped in the streets can block water drains and channels which can cause flooding, posing significant environmental and public health risks (Whiteman et al, 2008). Ground or surface water pollution can occur when rain water combines with decomposing waste and seep through permeable soil, finally contaminating surface and ground water with both lethal materials and pathogenic organisms (Ofomata and Eze, 2001); this is extremely dangerous as ground water is the main source of drinking water for most cities in the developing world (Oluwasola, 2007). Incineration of municipal solid waste contributes to air pollution by the release of noxious materials into the air, which may cause ill-health (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled incineration of solid waste can also cause fire outbreaks in nearby homes and farms. Other impacts of poor Municipal Solid Waste disposal include disgusting odour, unsightliness and general degradation of the environment ( Dolk, 2002). PURPOSE OF THE RESEARH Many studies have been done on waste disposal and management in Nigeria but none has been done to explore the views of Warri south local authority staff. The aim of this research is to explore the views of the staff of Warri south local authority on municipal solid waste disposal system, and its public health implication in Warri. RESEARCH QUESTION The research question for this study is What are the perceptions of Warri South Local Authority senior staff on municipal solid waste disposal in Warri? This will encompass the issues and problems of solid waste management in the municipal. WHY PERCEPTION? According to Collins school dictionary (2000) perception is your understanding of something or someone. Perception refers to the image or feelings formed in ones mind about some perceived phenomenon or object (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Perceptions vary from person to person, as they perceive different things about the same situation. Perception is influenced by perceivers value, beliefs, social economic circumstance and expectations (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Peoples perception of issue influence the way they act, behave or respond to them. Decision makers working in any environment base their decision on the environment as they see it and not as it is. The action resulting from their decision on the other hand is played out in the real environment (ref). If the general perception of people who play a major role in the running of warri municipal on solid waste disposal in Warri is that it is of little importance, little or no attention will be given to it. METHODOLOGY. The study will adopt a qualitative research methodology because it aims to gain an insight and knowledge about peoples perception on waste. Qualitative research concentrates on peoples attitudes, experiences, beliefs and their perceptions of a situation (Polit et al., 2001). It aims to generate an understanding of what is going on in everyday setting and it can also be used to describe a point of view, illustrate meaning, sensitize readers or try to understand phenomena (Green and Britten, 1998). Hence qualitative research is the most appropriate approach that should be used for this study. BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCH The study will be beneficial, as it will provide an insight on how the staff in charge of daily planning of services in Warri south view waste disposal in the community. It may also help Warri south local authority in modifying and improving waste disposal strategies and systems. I intend to publish the findings and recommendations of this study in a local paper. It will also contribute to the existing body of knowledge of waste management in Nigeria. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS This chapter has presented an overview of municipal solid waste disposal problems and its public health implications as an introduction to the study. Chapter two will presents a review of current significant literature on waste disposal in Nigeria and other developing countries. A brief note on how the literature search was carried out will also be stated. Following the literature review chapter, will be the methodology of the research reported in chapter three; where different research methodologies and the justification for the method chosen are discussed. The research method, which includes; sampling method, data collection, data management/analysis and ethical issues also form sections of the methodology chapter. The findings of the study and discussion are reported in chapters four and five respectively. At the end of the dissertation, the recommendations based on the research findings are stated in chapter six.

The Saga of Henry Starr :: essays research papers

Henry Starr was a real man, in the real Old West. He wrote his life story while in prison in a book called Thrilling Events. Although the book I read is based on a true man, some of the events are exaggerated, or retold differently then the actual event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry Starr was a 17 year old Cherokee cowboy working a steady job at a ranch. One day, however he was framed for stealing two horses by a man that was in cahoots with a crooked sheriff. Henry’s uncle paid his bail, and Henry went back to work. A little while later, a rival cowboy hid whiskey in Henrys wagon, and Henry was stopped with a whiskey warrant, which was a way for crooked lawmen and lawyers to make money off of each other. Once again, Henry’s uncle bailed him out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry became angry at the world. He felt alone and felt that if people were going to treat him like a criminal, he was going to act like one. He started robbing banks, and killed a deputy marshal in self defense. (Henry wasn’t a murderer, but was a thief.) More and more bank robberies occurred, and Henry was gaining some recognition. Henry was finally arrested, and sentenced to hang. However, Henry got a good lawyer, who got the Supreme Court to bring the sentence down to 15 years. Henry only served nine because of a pardon by President Theodore Roosevelt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When he got out, he recruited a band of criminals, and they hit every bank in the west. Eventually Henry was wealthy enough to take his girlfriend away from it all, which was his goal from the start. They went to Colorado, where Henry was recognized and arrested. Henry was sentenced, but once again, became a model prisoner, and got released on parole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When released, he met a new girl and decided to leave Colorado, violate is parole, and go back home to Oklahoma. He got there, changed his name, and lived a good life until he ran low on money and decided to rob a bank. He and his group robbed two banks, and Henry was shot in the leg, arrested, and sentenced to 25 years at a prison in Oklahoma. But Henry was a pro at leaving early. He was out in a few years. Overall Henry was sentenced to over 65 years in prison, but only served just over 15.

Images of Addiction :: English Literature

Images of Addiction 'Addiction', 'craving', 'dependence', 'enslavement', 'habit', 'obsession' these are some of the many ways of describing a persons need for something or someone. Addiction and the way it's presented is the main focus of two books, 'Junk' by Melvin Burgess a contempary novel written in 1996 and 'The Man With The Twisted Lip' by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a short story from the Sherlock Holmes series written in 1892. I will be comparing the two similarly themed stories and discuss how they show images of addiction. Both of the books use many different techniques to make the story as realistic and believable as possible. In Junk each chapter is written from the point of view of a different character in the 1st person narrative. This style of writing gives the story a lot of credibility and often involves different characters telling the same event but from a completely different perspective. This is not just very interesting for the reader: it also gives you the chance to get deep into the characters heads and to find out what they are thinking. You can also formulate your own opinions of characters as many of them, particularly Gemma, really involve the reader and try to talk them round to their points of view. In contrast 'The Man With The Twisted Lip' is very formal and written throughout by the same character, Dr Watson. The details are very precisely written like a report of what has happened with constant references to street names and timings to give the effect that everything in the story has really happened one example is 'found herself exactly at 4:35 walking through Swandom Lane on her way back to the station'. Another method the authors use to convey a sense of realism is the language. In 'Junk' there is a lot of teenage slang and swearing both in the dialogue and the text itself, which adds a sense that you are getting the full truth however disturbing it may be, not a sugar coated version. I also thought that the way the story was written as if the characters were talking to you worked really well because you felt the characters were telling you, not just writing it down. Another important aspect of creating realism from the language was the way the characters began to use 'junkie slang', drug terminology, unheard of at the beginning of the novel but common place by the end. This really helped to show how the lives of the main characters had really changed as the book progressed. Cultural references are also important because they help people to relate to the story and put the

Drug Abuse :: essays research papers

The repetitive deaths of drug users has became, nowadays, an everyday phenomenon, that most us has got used it. The numbers of the victims more and more increase rapidly in such a degree that makes us shudder. Prospectively, there was an alarming increase in drug abuse at our college. Many students take cocaine, heroine, LSD, hash, crack, and other drugs; all these illegal substances provoke undeniably addiction. The reasons that led to that accrual are various. Firstly, the alienated interpersonal relationships has decreased the esoteric communication between people. The hostile environment of the megalopolis has worsen the communicational impasse and has attacked the psychic equilibrium of individuals. Secondly, the faulty function of the family; the chasm between them, turns young people to other types of ‘families’ of the demiworld. Even overprotection some times makes them ask for a gateway. Thirdly, the imitation of musicians and actors can lead many young people to drugs, as they are trying to look alike them. Nevertheless, as we now, today all this staff about being ‘cool’, affects mostly young people and it is more obvious in places where there are many gathered, like in college. Moreover, another reason can be the fact of the provocative easiness to find drugs in college, whenever and whatever drug you want. Finally, a disappointment from a relationship or school, for example a fail in the finals, can be a good reason for those young people to turn in to drugs. For this bad situation that exists in our college, counselors and teachers have to undertake control. They have to inform and consult students about the danger of taking drugs. Also, college besides of education has to try to nourish a positive personality. This will succeed with the existence of corporation between students and teachers, the reinforcement of activity leading, the growth of positive thinking and ensurance of freely expression of students. Teachers and counselors have to penetrate into young people’s problems and try to help them, by showing to them that they care and they are willing to help them. In addition, an introduction of a club with the

Personal Responsibility: an Acedemic and Professional Consideration

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY: AN ACEDEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL CONSIDERATION Ross McDonald University of Phoenix GEN/200: FOUNDATIONS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS February 25, 2013 Students transitioning from high school to college today face many challenges. They are besieged by a host of external influences that may shape or cloud their ability to take responsibility. These influences include family, friends, religious beliefs, personal biases, and socioeconomic background.Even though these external influences seemingly dictate the decisions we are able to make, personal responsibility ultimately is an individual’s ability to respond to the ever-changing influences presented in life in a mature and reasonable way, employing the sum of our knowledge and experience and our willingness to accept and be held accountable for the consequences of our actions. Doherty (1998) argues that society’s increasing refusal to hold individuals accountable for their actions an d a tendency to blame others for the individual’s circumstances are a concerning trend.Doherty (1998) cites the tragic Jonesboro, Arkansas shooting in 1998 as a case in point, where two teenagers opened fire on students at a middle school. His article examines the reactions of the political and intellectual classes at the time and their unwillingness to place responsibility on the perpetrators, instead blaming all of us individually and collectively. Personal responsibility, however, must begin with a smaller, individual action. For example, for students to attain any level of success in college, they must accept responsibility for the decisions they make every day.These decisions will include when to study and for how long, when to go to class, what type of job they need, and how they will socialize. Nontraditional or adult returning students face the same challenges but have more experience in handling these issues in most cases than traditional students. This experience, t heir recall of it, and the growth that ensued, can help them make better-informed decisions. Both categories of students, however, must exhibit some level of personal responsibility in order to accomplish college uccess. In my experience as a student and as a professional, one aspect of personal responsibility many people struggle with is time management. Time management is an essential skill that must be acquired in order to be able to accomplish assigned tasks efficiently and by a given deadline. This is my Waterloo. I find myself spending most of my time doing things that must be done urgently to meet a deadline and wondering what happened to all the time that I thought had to accomplish the task in.If I am unable to manage my time well, it adversely affects my work, education, and personal life. Time is a finite resource that cannot be recovered once spent. In spending or managing my time, it is essential to learn and employ strategies that work for me and to be mindful of new i deas or technologies to improve the outcomes. One of the strategies that I have rediscovered is outlined in our current text. I am going to re-implement a daily to-do list. I did this previously but became lazy with it and just attempted to keep track of what I needed to accomplish in my head.Now that I run a full-time business, am a full-time student, and have a full-time family, I need to evaluate my ability to keep track of the things that I want to accomplish. Amanda Mergler, Ph. D. states in her doctoral dissertation, â€Å"Personal responsibility has been defined as being accountable to oneself and the needs and well-being of others. † Mergler, A. (2007). I need to be able to prioritize tasks so that I am more efficient in accomplishing them. Implementing a to-do list will allow me to have more time because I will not be wasting the time that I do have trying to figure out what needs to be done next.I can just look at my to-do list. This will give me a greater ability t o meet my responsibilities and be able to meet the needs of those who depend on me. We face different challenges every day as students and professionals. Recognizing external influences for what they are and maintaining individual accountability for our actions is important for success in any arena. Going to college is an outstanding opportunity for personal growth if the student takes advantage of it. One of the ways to do this is to become the master of ime and not let time master us. While we may not be able to control all of the outside influences we are bombarded with, if we master our time we can be one step closer to achieving the goals we have set. Annotated Bibliography Ross McDonald University of Phoenix Gen 200 February 25, 2013 Annotated Bibliography. Mergler, A. (2007), PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY: THE CREATION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION OF A SCHOOL-BASED PROGRAM. 3. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus. (eprints. qut. du. au/16382/1/Amanda_Mergler_Thesis. pdf) Mergler’s work attempts to show how a school-based program of personal-accountability education can benefit students and instructors alike. The author also lays out a plan for implementation of such a program. Doherty, B. (1998). Blame society first. Reason, 30(2), 8. Doherty’s article asserts that there is a continuing trend within society to remove blame from the individual and shift it to the collective. Summary of References The above references support my essay in the following ways.Mergler provides an excellent definition of personal responsibility that is applicable to students in particular and life in general. Mergler’s work also directly relates to developing programs to teach students personal responsibility in an academic setting. Doherty’s article from Reason supports my assertion that individuals are blaming outside influences for their actions and that society is not holding the individual per sonally responsible. Mergler’s work is in the form of a scientific paper, presented as a doctoral thesis, and was accepted by the Queensland University of Technology.It is, therefore, a reasonable choice as a dependable reference for my essay. Doherty’s work was presented in the periodical Reason. Reason claims in their mission statement that they are a monthly print magazine directed at â€Å"free minds and free markets. † While I agree with the material presented here, some may call into question the reliability of this reference based on its political slant. Both Mergler’s and Doherty’s works are relevant to this essay. Mergler’s work is directly related to personal responsibility in an academic setting.She provides a very well reasoned definition of personal responsibility and lays out a plan for students and faculty to implement and follow. Doherty’s work asserts, as I do, that individuals are not demonstrating personal responsib ility in society today. Doherty cites the tragic Jonesboro, Arkansas shooting in 1998 as a case in point, where two teenagers opened fire on students at a middle school. His article examines the reactions of the political and intellectual classes at the time and their unwillingness to place responsibility on the perpetrators, instead blaming all of us individually and collectively.Mergler holds a Ph. D. in philosophy from the Queensland University of Technology. This is a doctoral dissertation and a scientific study and does not seem to contain any bias. Philosophy is, however, by its very nature a subjective discipline. Doherty is the senior editor for Reason magazine. He holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Florida and is a libertarian/conservative journalist. Accordingly, his article may contain bias in that direction.

Cadbury conflict Essay

Businesses can come across many conflicts between stakeholders, which are the people that are impacted by the business. Cadbury, the chocolate producer, has started an organization, worth  £9 million pounds, to put sports equipment in school across the UK. Customers would need to save tokens from chocolate bars and give them to the schools. To get the first equipment, 750 tokens are needed. While to allow the school to obtain a variety of different equipment, it needed 2000 tokens. For schools who can’t afford these new equipment, this idea was very appealing. Cadbury’s ‘Get Active Campaign’ was sponsored with deals from Cadbury and the government by top sports stars such as boxer Audley Harrison and runner Paula Radcliffe. However the company and the government were blamed for increasing the rate and the chances of obesity in young people, because they would eat more chocolate through this scheme. Some stakeholders that are affected by this scheme would be the customers, the competition, the workers, the government, and the shareholders. The customers would be affected by this scheme because they increase the problems of obesity in young people, by eating the Cadburys chocolate in order to receive sports equipment. Cadbury would become more popular and common and after people have tried their chocolate through this scheme, it would encourage them to go buy more, which increases the profit for Cadbury. This would also lead to a stiffer competition between other chocolate and food producing companies. This scheme would be known as a fast effective way of advertising Cadburys chocolate. The workers would also be affected because they would be demotivated and therefore are unlikely to produce good quality products or deliver good customers services. Also, through the scheme, Cadbury would spend  £9 million, and therefore, during the process of trying to sell more chocolate and earn more money, their workers would earn a lower salary. The government would be affected because they would be criticized for encouraging children to eat more chocolate. The shareholders are affected because they would receive a lower profit if the profit margin is dropping. The businesses responsibility would be to provide for the population and to fulfil their wants and needs. In this case, Cadbury is providing for both its customers, and the school. It’s responsibility is to also provide jobs for the society. These people make money to support themselves and their families, pay taxes and use their wages to buy goods and services. The businesses responsibility towards competitors would be to be honest in their business practice. The businesses duty towards its workers would be creating a safe work environment, to pay workers of a business a minimum hourly wage, and to pay each worker money owed from working per paid period, including overtime, sick leave, and vacation wages. It is also the responsibility of the business to train workers in safe procedures to minimize the risk of injury. Also it is a business duty to create a working climate that fosters respect and fair treatment of every worker regardless of age, gender, race etc. The businesses responsibility towards the government is to pay taxes, follow environmental regulations (they need to limit the number of pollutants they expel), to maintain law and order etc. Finally, the businesses responsibility towards the shareholders is to build and maintain generosity in the eye of society, to provide goods and services, and to earn a profit and bring money to the company and the investors. Conflicts that might exist between stakeholders would be between society and the company and government. Even though the government supports Cadbury’s ‘’Get Active Campaign†, the general public is speaking that the only candy company is using the concept of being active to lure children to purchase more chocolates. It would also increase the number of calories the children take in (1.2 million) since to receive only one piece of sports equipment (e.g a volleyball set), children must collect $2000. Thus, leading to obesity at a young age. Another conflict that might result is between customers and the company. The customers buying the chocolate might realize that the campaign is just a scheme created to sell more chocolate, yet neglects the importance of healthy exercise. Some solutions to the conflicts that the businesses faces would be that Cadbury should cancel the concept of accumulating chocolate tokens. It is the responsibility of companies to encourage customers to live a fit  lifestyle, not a plan to sell more chocolate. In order to solve the conflict, Cadbury should cancel and donate the sports equipment to financially struggling schools as an act of charity. Public relations firms specialize in dealing with negative publicity. There are many ways to solve problems between different stakeholders. Each business stakeholders have their own business objective. They usually have different opinions and have to disagree about some decisions. Finding a solution can satisfy both the conflicting stakeholders.