Going Deep into Drama Essay example - 872 Words

Before all electronic devices were invented, people watched plays at theater for entertainment. Plays were the common things back then, and they were where drama came from. According to Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia, the word, â€Å"drama†, is from Greek, meaning to do, act. That is why drama is usually conducts on stages and in theaters. According to Meriiam-Webster, drama is defined as a serious story that is expressed as dialogues, and is presented by actors on stages and televisions. Fiction and drama both have plots. They introduce the problem, build the climax, and then solve it. Compared to fiction, drama doesn’t specifically describe the characters’ structures. Fiction helps the readers to imagine the characters’ outlooks. Drama is†¦show more content†¦However, their deceptions don’t cause harms to others, they just want to help Beatrice and Benedick to know each other’s true heart. On the other hand, Don John repeatedly makes up false rumors. First he told Claudio Don Pedro tricks him about helping him with Hero. Don Pedro just wants Hero for himself. It causes a misunderstanding between Claudio and Don Pedro. Later, he lies to Claudio and Don Pedro about Hero’s reputation, leading to Claudio and Hero’s ruined wedding. Don John’s deceptions are to make people misery and destroy relationships. Shakespeare skillfully presents two different deceptions into a drama, so audiences compare and know why one is good and the other is bad. Another moral lesson is to blindly believe in everything one hears. For instance, Claudio easily falls into Don John’s tricks because he is so gullible. After the first time of being tricked by Don John, Claudio should question the valid of Don John’s claims. He just sees a figure that wears Hero’s nightgown at her window with another man, and believes it is her. Claudio doesn’t neither have trust in Hero nor know her well enough. Shakespeare wants to warn people should not believe easily everything they hear or see. They should make assumption based on people’s actions and characters. Each character portrays a different lesson about morality. Audiences find Shakespeare’s characters portray people in real life and easily relate to them. That is whyShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 Pagesviewers keep watching reality television is because they can relate to the stars, people tend to feel better about their own lives after watching these types of shows, and its unscripted. Many viewers are able to relate to reality television. Hidden deep down there may be a particular reality TV star that everyone either loves or hates that you can secretly relate to. 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Smoking in pregnancy Free Essays

string(101) " 15 cigarettes a day have 15 times greater risk of dying from SID compared to babies of non-smokers\." Introduction The purpose of this essay is to identify a public health issue with a woman I cared for in practice. Using a health promotion model to critically analyse the woman’s needs and outline the midwifery care given to address the issue. Discussing health promotion, theories influencing midwife practice and the role of the midwife in public health and health promotion. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking in pregnancy or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the purpose of maintaining confidentiality in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) the code: standards of conduct performance and ethics for nurses and midwives (NMC 2008), the pseudonym Miss will be used to refer to my client. Different source of literature will be used to support my discussion throughout the essay. Scenario Miss Yardley, a young woman of white British origin, twenty one year old primipara, eleven weeks plus four days gestation according to her last menstrual period. She attended the maternity booking clinic with her long term partner for history taking. She lived with her partner in a private accommodation though recently both she and her partner had moved in with her mother who lives in a council rented apartment, as they could no longer afford payment for their flat. She was unemployed due to a recent redundancy from the company she had worked in since leaving secondary school aged sixteen. Her partner is employed but on a low paid salary as a call centre operator. On several occasions she had searched for new employment with no success. She expressed not to have any medical or obstetric problems. Miss Yardley expressed that she used to drink alcohol only on social occasions but stopped when she became aware of the pregnancy. She willing expressed when asked regarding smoking t hat she smoked up to fifteen cigarettes a day or more depending on how she was feeling emotionally. She tried quitting on one occasion though due to overwhelming personal issues at the time was unable to give up smoking. Her partner never smoked but her mother smoked up to ten cigarettes a day. She expressed willingness to quit smoking but felt worried that she may not be able to completely give up as she tends to be drawn to smoke more when stressed and now that she is unemployed there is more time available for her to smoke. The public health issue from the case study The importance of smoking as a public health issue has been identified in various key policies and strategy papers. The government white paper on tobacco 1998: smoking kills targets pregnant women as a priority group requiring intervention. According to the Department of Health (a smoke free future) ‘smoking remains one of few modifiable risk factor in pregnancy’ (DH, 2010, p.22), it states that smoking rates are highest in routine and manual groups, lower socioeconomic groups and certain minority and vulnerable groups. In the mid 1950 smoking levels between socioeconomic groups were similar, however since the 1960 onwards the more advantaged socioeconomic group acted in response to increasing evidence about the harmful effects of tobacco use (DH 2011). Figure 8 (in appendix) in the strategy shows correlation between the prevalence of smoking and net income. Therefore reducing smoking rates in these groups of people has been identified as a critical factor in reducin g health inequalities. The good practice guide 3 (Public health agency 2010) also indicates a clear link between smoking in pregnancy and social disadvantage, it states evidence indicates while women know that tobacco use is damaging their health, for many smoking is a means of coping with poverty, disadvantage and lack of control over aspects of life. In contribution to social disadvantage, the highest prevalence of smoking is noted in the 20-34 age group (Office for National Statistics (ONS), 2006).The most recent white paper Healthy lives, healthy people (DH 2011) sets to reduce national rates in smoking amongst pregnant women to 11 percent from the current 2009/10 rate of 14 percent. It states that tobacco smoking remains one of the most significant public health challenges in England. Cost Smoking has remained prominent in public health globally and it continues to be a major factor for health inequalities in the UK. The world health organisation (WHO), 2011) states over the cause of the 21th century, tobacco use could kill a billion people or more unless urgent action is taken. The need for support identified in various literature and government strategy to enable pregnant women to maintain healthy lifestyles during and after pregnancy has impacted in my decision to identify smoking as a public health need for my client. Impact of smoking in pregnancy Maternal smoking is not only harmful during pregnancy but has a long term effects on the baby after birth, 4000 chemicals of which some are marked irritant properties and some 60 are known or suspected to be carcinogenic can be found in tobacco smoke (WHO, 2004). Some of the risk associated with smoking during pregnancy includes intrauterine growth restriction, placenta previa, and abruptio placentae (Vanderhoeven and Tolosa 2010). Poor outcomes such as preterm rupture of membranes, low birth weight and perinatal mortality have been highlighted (Vanderhoeven et al, 2010). Lagan and Casson 2010, indicates smoking to be associated with increased risk of miscarriage, respiratory problems for the child and sudden infant death (SID). Research carried out by University College London (UCL) concluded that babies born to women who smoke are at increased risk of having certain birth defects such as missing or deformed limbs, clubfoot, gastrointestinal, skull and eye defects and cleft lip o r palate (Campbell 2011). Babies born of mothers who smoke have frequent respiratory problems at birth and in their first year, they are at risk of developing asthma and a higher rate of stillbirth is noted (Viccars, 2009). Miss Yardley smokes 15 or more cigarettes a day and her mother is also identified as a smoker, this puts the unborn baby at risk of effects due to direct smoking and passive smoking. Mitchell et al (citied in Viccars, 2009) states that babies of women who smoke 15 cigarettes a day have 15 times greater risk of dying from SID compared to babies of non-smokers. You read "Smoking in pregnancy" in category "Essay examples"Further research showed a link between smoking during pregnancy and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in children whose mother’s smoked whilst pregnant. It concluded that they had 10-15 percent risk of experiencing heart disease compared to children with non smoking mothers (Health express, 2011). From the discussion above it is evident the issue of smoking would need to be addressed at each opportunity with Miss Yardley when providing care and advice. This would enable screening and monitoring of smoking status, education on the effects of smoking to the outcome of her pregnancy and adequate support to ensure effects to pregnancy and the general health of mother and baby is eradicated or minimised. Health promotion models WHO defines health promotion a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health. It implies that the ideology moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Naidoo and Wills (2010), states ‘health promotion is based on theories about what influences people’s health and what are effective interventions or strategies to improve health. There are five different approaches to health promotion, medical, behaviour change, educational, client approach and societal change approach (Scriven 2010). Different health promotion models have been developed to enable a planned intervention to improve health. Tannahill model (Downie et al 1996 citied in Naidoo and Wills 2009), addresses health promotion over three overlapping spheres of activity, preventive education, prevention and health protection. The model suggest that all approach interlink, in practice this could be difficult to implement and due to the overlapping of spheres, focus on what needs to be achieved could be confused. The prevention sphere of the model relies mainly on the medical approach , Barnes (2009) suggest that medical approach could be perceived as a top down approach and that when providing health promotion intervention client involvement is necessary to help maintain individual focus (client centred care). In comparison, the Tones model which is an empowerment model sets to enable people to gain control over their own health (citied in Naidoo and Wills, 2009). ‘Tones consider education to be the key in empowering both lay and professional people’ (Naidoo et al 2009).The empowerment approach relies on educating client and the information conveyed would be highly medicalised to show importance of the issue. In relation to Miss Yardley who has tried but failed to quit smoking, empowering her through the use of education to convey the risk of smoking though unavoidable as a health professional, could have a counter active effect. Dunkley (2000), states that the aim of mass campaign is to raise awareness, however it may increase feeling of guilt and stress which may be relieved by the aid of another cigarette. Therefore the effectiveness of this model’s approach for my client is questioned. Tones and Tannahill model both mainly makes use of the medical and educational approach, this makes it difficult to address socioeconomic factors that have documented risk with smoking. As my clients issue is related to smoking and there is a socioeconomic factor present, it would be inapplicable to use these models of health promotion. During the booking appointment, Miss Yardley willing expressed to have tried quitting with no success and that she would like to quit though factors such as not having a job contributed to her smoking. ‘Nicotine addiction is identified as a major factor for women continuing to smoke during pregnancy’ (Lagan et al 2010). There is a link between stress and the use of tobacco as a relieve method. Gorman (2008) states ‘that smoking represents a significant challenge for pregnant women, as it compounds the stress of pregnancy and may be further complicated by additional factors such as disadvantage’. McCurry et al 2002 (citied in Lagan et al 2010) also indicates smoking to be a mechanism of coping with disadvantage, stress and perceived lack of control over life. According to Earp and Ennett (1991) an ecological perspective implies that behaviour results from interaction of both individual and environmental factors (Citied in Lagan et al, 2010). Various lite ratures have made use of behaviour model when planning intervention for smoking. Prochaska and DiClemente’s trans-theoretical model (Naidoo et al, 2009); will be used to manage the care of Miss Yardley. The model describes the process of change; it is derived from their work on encouraging change in additive behaviours (Naidoo el at, 2009). This model is applicable to my client has it addresses her behaviour which is the main attribute in smoking and enables a woman centred approach. Woman centred care is expressed as choice, control and continuity of care in the Changing Childbirth report (DH, 1993 cities in Leap 2009).Behavioural change approach enables the use of communication and counselling, empowerment, decision making, fostering community groups and social support networks (Dunkley 2000). The process of change includes precontemplation, contemplation, preparing to change, making change and maintenance. The woman’s needs and midwifery care involved All care given was in accordance with the National institute for health and clinical excellence (NICE, 2010): public health guidance 26. Precontemplation: in this stage change to lifestyle has not been considered. Miss Yardley has progressed from this stage has she identified willingness to try quitting. This shows the limitation of the model when used with an individual who is thinking of changing. Contemplation: the individual is thinking about change. The client’s willingness indicated readiness for change, adequate information was giving during the booking appointment through leaflets and other forms of resources. Due to the step by step structure of the model, it was easy to identify the stage of change. Preparing to change: Miss Yardley has read all the information given and had taken up the referral. Though she continued to smoke but expressed to have cut down to 10 cigarettes a day. This shows the effectiveness of the model, though she is not at the point of change the use of counselling and information regarding risk has empowered some form of change. Making the change: a date was choose. She had cut down from 10 to about 8 a day depending on her moods; she maintained her appointment with the specialist. Maintenance: there is a possibility of relapse at this stage as change is not a smooth process (Naidoo et al, 2009). In Miss Yardley’s case change would have to be assessed through to the postnatal period, in order to determine adequate health improvement.According to At booking, Miss Yardley’s pregnancy was considered low risk, which meant that her care was given mainly in the community. Her exposure to smoking was identified through discussion. Carbon monoxide test was not carried out as it is unavailable in the located hospital. Information regarding the risk of smoking in pregnancy to her and the unborn child was explained and information leaflets and contact numbers to relevant smoking services given. Passive smoking was addressed and the effects pointed out. The benefits of stopping smoking to her health and that of the pregnancy outcome were highlighted, financial benefit was also explained. The need to quit, rather than cut down was explained. Informed consent was given and referral made to the community smoking cessation midwife. Encouragement and praise was given at this stage. As she identified her mother to be a smoker, information on how to reduce passive smoking was explained and relevant stop smoking service contact w ere given to help her mother. The pregnancy book by the Department of Health was given for general education on pregnancy and the section on rights and benefits was highlighted to help with benefits as she was unemployed. Care given was accurately recorded in accordance with NMC code (2008) to enable continuity of care. At 28 weeks plus four days, she was seen for a routine follow up antenatal appointment with the midwife. She expressed to be well, no concerns regarding fetal movement noted, no abnormalities detected with other routine examination such as symphysis fundal height measure. The appointment was used as an opportunity to assess her exposure to smoke, and to identify whether smoking cessation was maintained. Benefits of quitting were further stressed and encouragement was given. From her appointment with the smoking specialist, it was evident from documentation that improvement were being made in regards to the carbon monoxide readings as she had reduced the amount of cigarette smoked and was preparing to achieve a set date. The role of midwife in public health and health promotion Midwives have been identified as health professional responsible for identifying this target group of smokers (pregnant women).Midwives have access to the life cycle of very important group of people; therefore they play a part in the government target of reducing smoking in pregnancy (Pollock 2003). Partnership with woman is essential in achieving health promotion and maintaining government set public health targets. According to Leap, (citied in Ebert et al, 2009), ‘midwives reported their role as facilitating choice and empowering women through partnership and effective communication’. the midwifery partnership model of care Communication is an important role for midwives, in health promotion it enables continuity of care through adequate documentation, verbal interaction with women enables relationship to be formed which further improves women centred care approach. Byrd (2006) ‘states that relationship are able to persist trust and attachment developing a s long as people fulfil perceived obligations of behaviour and communication’ (Ebert et al 2009). Multidisciplinary team working to enable adequate care is provided is also a vital role of midwives in health promoting and improving public health.Midwives and nurses frequently utilise holistic concept of health to underpin practice (Beldon and Crozler 2005). Therefore when provide health promotion it is important that the women’s needs is addressed holistically in accordance with midwifery practice and not based on medical interpretation. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that smoking during pregnancy is an important aspect of public health and therefore an important part of midwifery practice. In particular, health promotion in daily practice is required to prevent any further complication to mothers and their unborn babies. Smoking is a major public health issue that continues to contribute to social and health inequalities.Working with Miss Yardley enabled me to provide care tailored to her needs and goal set to quit smoking and were identified by the client. Though I was unable to follow her care care through, I feel adequate support provided through the smoking cessation referral would enable her to maintain her set goal and improve her health and that of the unborn child. How to cite Smoking in pregnancy, Essay examples

Case Study for Conceptual System Design-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Report on Case Study for Conceptual System Design for Surveillance Technology in Highways. Answer: Introduction In the present world many students taking engineer are taught Engineering Design processes during the coursework. EDP may be applied in designing of new, redesigning old products to a desirable product in the future market. In real sense when an EDP is incorporated with System Engineering exertion the needs are supplied by SE at a given time and point. The design process in its simplest terms can be seen as a 3-step loo From the above 3-step loop design one generates an idea as the first thing, then implements it and after that testing and evaluation of the implemented product is done then the process continues to follow the cycle hence making it repetitive and making it termed as an iterative process (Anderson, 2009.). EDP comprises of four phases named and explained as follows. Project Definition Planning Phase. Major tasks are identifying objectives, forming team to conduct feasibility study, the price or the cost that estimates the budget for the objectives, planning reviews and deliverables. Requirements Definition and Engineering Specifications. Its goal is understanding problems and institute requirements of the customer and the specifications of the engineer. Conceptual Design Phase). This is the third phase and the one that we are discussing in our report and its concerned with concepts generation, do compare and evaluate the concepts and choosing the best concept that to use Product Design Phase. The conceptual phase ends with selecting the best concept but this design phase make the chosen best concept in to a product by design and hence implementing in to real product. Need Definitions Everything in engineering systems is initiated by identifying the wants that are desired within a given specific area. This is done by understanding the deficiencies that are as a result of the output given. A good scenario is when a firm realises that it is not able to achieve its goals with relations to the set objectives, hence there arise need to define the problem and by identifying what the problem need for it to be handled therefore defining the capability of the system that will solve the problem need. After the need is identified and defined to help in meeting the organisation goals, a performance of need analysis is done. Considering our case study the installation of surveillance technology in roads and highways to monitor traffic incidences in both rural and urban roadways and highways , hence we have to question ourselves to what the need analysis should consist of? Surveillance technology will function in a manner that the big idea is to capture each and every incident happening in the highways and in roadways. It will also act as another way to minimise cases of traffic cases. It will also be used to boost security in roads as each and every activity will be monitored Experts monitoring the surveillance technology have a responsibility to be cautious and proof footage of any incident in case they are asked for. What need to be accomplishes is the problem defined are eliminated by ensuring that surveillance technology has been put in to place hence reducing cases of traffic incidences. Other needs that may arise as result of defining the first need is to secure the places the surveillance technology is to implemented and provide lightings which are enough for easy surveillance in the highways actually modern and advanced road lights will be the best Conceptual System Design(CSD). Technology of the current society is evident enough that engineering has succumbed all places ranging from vehicles to electronic gadgets. Most of the engineer work need to find a solution to existing problems that are already identified in the first phase. CSD is always seen like an extension lead of the logical design which is independent technological wise and this makes CSD to considering todays technology that is with relevancy in accomplishment with functional requirements of a system and the focus in this report will be CSD in field and operations levels. The aim of this report is to give an understanding of the exact type of surveillance gadget is required in meeting the system functional requirements (Kunz, 2007). The exhibition CSD of Technovy Surveillance system is categorized in to five categories and discussed below in details. Design Thoughts and Norms Applications of Surveillance. Incidents in traffic highly contributes to a lot of congestion along Thika super highway. Sometimes its caused by breakdown of vehicles and this make it for a need of a surveillance system that will provide information about incidents and accidents by effectively offering its support to traffic management system for incidences along the highway. As most freeway system are almost full of congestion, there arise possible use arterial streets which are parallel to take care of a portion of traffic in case a demand arose in the freeway Thika. In real sense the arterial streets are not capable of providing this service due to their physical design features. Alternatively, if they happen to be used then more advanced system controls for traffic will have to be used and enough information given. The other consideration is applying location of vehicles and tracking devices. Information gathered will be importance as it will act added part of information to the surveillance. Conceptual design will focus on info exchange phase as far as the system is concerned. Geographic location of the Road Thika highway networks covers all rural and urban locations respectively and hence we must consider the existing features in these environments in our conceptual system design. AASHTO Criteria was applied to provide the route for the classifications of both rural and urban highways. Freeway is clearly termed as divided way on the road with a minimum of not less than two lanes in either of the direction to or from (Woodbury, 2006). Access on the freeway i.e. to and from is managed requirements of surveillance only permitted at specific interchanges. Also ramps and overpasses frequencies are observed and always some miles apart from each other when controlling them. The frequency of overpasses and ramps is controlled, and they are generally several miles apart. It occurs that both above geographical locations have arterials that are parallel and sometimes may act as collectors in the highway and hence they may be used as alternate routes of the way which is free(freeway). Technology of Surveillance Some of the technologies selected for conceptual system design were surveillance such us detectors for vehicles, surveillance for CCTV, Human and Aerial, and sensors for the environment (McCuen, (2007). Each and every category of specified selected product it may be applied depending on the needs and restrictions of each geographical jurisdiction. Great influence by additions of surveillance technologies due to its fast growth has been experienced in the conceptual system design. Design Concept Surveillance for Urban The aim or job of the proposed surveillance concept in the freeways of Thika is for acquisition of traffic incidences. The main melody of conceptual system design is to gather and join the surveillance information for traffic and from many sources and hence maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness. For effective gathering of information in identifying incidences in traffic systems that detect such incidents should be put in place to cover gaps in surveillance in existence (Krishnamurti, 2006). Figure 1 Conceptual System Design for Urban Areas Emergence of stand-alone systems like WDs will need to be put in place that are potentially high in terms of incidences in traffic. Incidents can be detected and verified quickly by use of multiple sensors surveillance. For verifying remote incidences this will be performed by CCTV as seen in the figure 1 above as tracking devices that are kept by the fleet recorders such as patrol service, vehicles of police and those in transit. Design Concept Surveillance for Rural The lack and cost being high of installing the infrastructure of surveillance communication in areas referred to as rural, it relies heavily on surveillance that are aerial, human capable for detecting incidents . The figure below describes the dissimilarities in urban and rural conceptual designs Figure 2 conceptual design for rural areas. WDs are recommended to be applied due to limitation use automated detectors for traffic incidents Multiples sensors play a very big role in covering surveillance in rural area. Unavailability of tracking info from vehicles due to lack of updates in frequencies especially in distances which are long. Camera especially CCTV application when verifying incidents will not be a consideration due to high costs of communication. Rural Throughways. The Sensors applications in rural areas are applied to the same way like that of urban freeways. Assumptions made are that the interchange ramps that are major are enclosed by detectors such as radar. Due to availability of land being high unlike in urban this makes volumes of traffic not to be high (Haymaker, 2007). There are sensors located in the two pavements along the rural roads near the two interchange ramps and in line with station for weather which help in reduction of cost of communication. Lastly is placement and installation of WIM near the two major interchange ramps Conceptual Design for Communication This concept aims on links that join the devices used for surveillance with native TMC. Communication among these joints i.e. locally, regional TMC and amongst them is managed by Network Exchange project body. In our case the design internal local TMC and external one. Figure 3 Surveillance Communication network for TMC externally. Communication Network for External TMC There is a distributed controllers and detectors networks that is connected to TMC locally via a land based mark. Figure 4. Surveillance Communication Network for Urban Area Conceptual desig The figure 4 is appropriate in urban areas unlike in rural areas where there is high availability of land or in cases where the distances between TMC applied locally and the nodes they communicate with are far apart. Wireless combination such as radio or phone which are cellular are applied to link the communication along the nodes and TMC locally implemented (Hartmann, 2008). Recommendations Necessary Modifications Currently in existence system detectors in use their compatibility with surveillance conceptual system and hence local systems integration should avoid creating problems in detecting a point of view. Integration of control systems and surveillance systems that are installed on the freeways with TMC with less effort as existence of systems in place should easily converse amongst themselves. Evaluation of Central and local levels of systems in existence should done in a separate platform. Use of optics like fibre, and telephone systems for compatibility with the points at the destination. Other improvements related to communications are: Establishment of network that have the capability for manipulation of voice, video and gathered data and can use broadband and single mode cables. Establishment of network that is distributed to handle any added network field devices Ensure security is put in place while implementing the Local TMC especially when integrating with the existing communication nodes Conclusions In argument mode we can term conceptual design to be the most and key necessity compared to other phase when it comes to designing in engineering processes. Its importance will be for the reason that most of what is formulated here will be applied later for the rest part in developing the entire process. Bad selection of a concept may lead to overruns of budget, delaying and may end up cancelling the project (Wertz, 2008). As seen above concept design is the most vital but on the other hand very confusing as if not done as it is supposing from the beginning it may bring some problems in implementing it in the future in the other phases. References Anderson, D., 2009.. Making Engineering Design Decisions,. Louisiana Tech University, Volume 5, pp. 24-58. Hartmann, T. F. M. H. J., 2008. viewpoint. [Online] Available at: https://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2007/issue_33.html. [Accessed july 2017]. Haymaker, J. C. J., 2007. Coordinating goals, preferences, options, and analyses for the Stanford Living Laboratory feasibility study. Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 4200/2006. Krishnamurti, R., 2006. Explicit design space?. Krishnamurti, R. (2006), 20, 95-103, Explicit design space? Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing., Volume 20, pp. 95-103,. Kunz, J. G. B., 2007. stanford. [Online] Available at: https://cife.stanford.edu/VDCSurvey.pdf. [Accessed 29 july 2017]. Ma, Y. C. G. T. G., 2008. Paradigm Shift: Unified and Associative Feature-based Concurrent Engineering and Collaborative Engineering. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Volume 10, pp. 008-128. McCuen, T. S. P., (2007. aecbytes. [Online] Available at: https://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/2007/issue_33.html. [Accessed 30 July 2017]. Wertz, J. R. a. L. W. J., 2008. Space Mission Analysis and Design. Volume 03. Woodbury, R. B. A., 2006. Whither Design Space? Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing. Volume 20, 63-82.

Name Essays (1711 words) - Discrimination, Race And Society

Name Professor's name Course number Year Racial discrimination has been a topic greatly debated upon for many centuries. It has been all around us and truly , there has never been a correct mechanism to deal with it. the United States, also known as the most powerful country nation in the world is among the top in racial and colour discrimination. Despite the success of the nation, discrimination is still greatly practised there and there are no signs of it going away. This is because it does not just require a law for it to stop; it has to come from people's hearts and minds because it is something that is psychologically mindset into someone.Since the times of President Roosevelt, there existed progressives who aimed at supporting the coloured races and fought for their rights to be acknowledged. The likes of Woodrow Wilson tried their best and we can say that to an extent they succeeded, but not completely. There was a great change but today the discriminative attitude crept back because it was deep inside th e hearts and minds and cannot be fully uprooted unless by choice. Title VII of the civil acts of 1964 was created with an effort to vouch for the rights of the African-Americans, the Hispanics and the Native Americans. In chapter 6 of Employment Law for Business, they have vividly put out numerous instances in which the coloured have been discriminated, oppressed and generally showed no respect. Even today we can see that in classes studying about the American history, most students are obliged to ask on which term to use fittest between African-Americans' or Blacks'. This shows that their conscience tends to tell them that one of them may be discriminative whereas it's just a term to refer to the black people and truth of the matter is that they are okay with both. The white man's mentality, however, tells them that there may be some openly discriminative nature they may expose (Monk, Ellis, 15). Research has found out that most employers when looking for employees would opt to employ a white man who has a criminal record or has recently been released from jail rather than a black man with a clean slate and no records of criminal activities. This shows how deep rooted the discrimination is considering one would rather trust a criminal with work because their skin colour matches rather than a well-behaved person just because his skin is coloured. This has been noted severally in workplaces in the United States and we really do not know how to deal with this problem if the problem is within us.Also, the identical resumes that bosses send out for people to fill and send back are biased. Before the employers can look at the qualifications and other related material, they first gauge the name and see if it has any ethnic ties, this is if it sounds black' or Hispanic'. If they note a name that is widely used by either race, that will be the end of looking at that resume des pite how qualified they are, they wish to have no ethnicities that are qualified in their workplace and would rather opt for less qualifies fellow white people among them (American Psychological Association, 17). They would not even bother if the zip code came from a place that is known to be financially stable, they would greatly diminish.In addition, the advertisements posted were also scrutinised for any form of the linguistic profile because they know how a black person or a Hispanic would write and they would immediately disqualify that with respect to the linguistic profiles. According to the American Census Bureau Data, it was acknowledged that white women are paid $0.77 for every dollar that a man earns as put out by law, it was however noted that black women and the Hispanics who were in the same work jurisdiction were paid $0.70 and $0.66 respectively. This is a relative decrease compared to the white woman whereas there exist in the same work jurisdiction. This may be considered wrong but do you know what is worse? In the 70's, the average pay was $0.08 less for the black woman compared to

Ethical Issues of Robots in Society Essay

Ethical Issues of Robots in Society Essay Free Online Research Papers Robots grow more and more capable all the time. Their abilities to see and comprehend the world around them are also increasing at a rate that far exceeds the scientific world’s initial expectations. With products like ASIMO from Honda, it is clear that robots are making their way out of the lab and into the hands of consumers. It is obvious that the ethical issue of machine slavery is relatively abstract. However, the real ethical questions that revolve around robots are their impact upon human society. Clearly, low skilled labor will experience the side effects of having their jobs replaced by machines. Thus leaving society with an over abundance of people with outdated skills and little education to fall back on. This could result in a serious economic and social backlash. There is also the ethical question of how is a robot to be treated on a day to day basis. It sounds silly, but is it ethical to turn your robot off? Consider the flip side, maybe it is more unethical to leave your robot turned on for too long. These two questions lead us to ask at what point does a household device become worthy of moral protection. By moral protection, one means a societal sense of it being wrong for one to intentionally damage or injure the machine. This would closely resemble a machine version of animal cruelty laws. Most researchers believe that robots are nowhere near a point to which they are advanced enough to even raise these questions. However, society has witnessed the result of not dealing with moral and ethical questions until the last minute or even after the fact on many occasions. How interesting it would be, to do something right from the beginning, before problems arise. Most would agree that intentionally beating or breaking a robot is more a damage of property issue, than a moral, life-entity one. However, this is probably going to be the first real ethical question that arises with the coming of the robotic age. Where does the line get drawn between a device used for work and something that deserves moral protection? A lot of what sets machines apart from animals in our psychological profile of them. Machines do not cry, show signs of distress, injury, nor do they act to avoid them. It is likely that robotic entities will be endowed with highly advanced self-preservation instincts programmed into them. Robots are expensive, and nobody wants their costly investment throwing itself into a pool one night after a hard day of labor. These programs will require a kind of internal, negative feedback system to harmful situations. Biological life forms have a sense of pain; it is our internally wired system that reacts to negative stimulus. Most intelligent robots today have some rudimentary form of self-preservation such as an aversion to dropping off an edge. Even more advanced robots can identify areas they had difficulty performing in, remember where it was, and in the future avoid it. Pattern matching is common as well, so as to actually predict what areas will be met with difficulty, and avoid them entirely, without actually encountering it. Perhaps as a result of the universally understood sense of pain, we have moral codes that believe it wrong to cause pain. Is it wrong to smash a robot appendage with a hammer? What if this machine has been endowed with a system that actively tries to avoid such situations, yet you were was able to overcome it? The machines of today and the very near future stand at the blurry boundary of simple machinery and the neurological functionality equivalent to insects, reptiles, birds and even some simple mammals. They are intended to operate and interact with us in the real world much as these natural creatures, yet with a set purpose in mind. The question is how long can we push off dealing with moral and ethical issues that relate to creating life like organisms. Research Papers on Ethical Issues of Robots in Society EssayBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on Children

Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology

Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology Inflectional morphology is  the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories. In comparison to many other languages, the inflectional system of Modern English is fairly limited.   Inflectional  morphology is customarily distinguished from derivational morphology (or word formation). As A.Y. Aikhenvald points out, Derivational morphology results in the creation of a new word with a new meaning. In contrast, inflectional morphology involves an obligatory grammatical specification characteristic of a word class (Typological Distinctions in Word-Formation in Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2007). This distinction, however, is not always clear-cut. Examples and Observations Inflectional Categories and Derivational CatgeoriesThe prototypical inflectional categories include number, tense, person, case, gender, and others, all of which usually produce different forms of the same word rather than different words. Thus leaf and leaves, or write and writes, or run and ran are not given separate headwords in dictionaries. Derivational categories, in contrast, do form separate words, so that leaflet, writer, and rerun will figure as separate words in dictionaries. In addition, inflectional categories do not, in general, alter the basic meaning expressed by a word; they merely add specifications to a word or emphasize certain aspects of its meaning. Leaves, for instance, has the same basic meaning as leaf, but adds to this the specification of multiple exemplars of leaves. Derived words, by contrast, generally denote different concepts from their base: leaflet refers to different things from leaf, and the noun writer calls up a somewhat different concept from th e verb to write.That said, finding a watertight cross-linguistic definition of inflectional which will let us classify every morphological category as either inflectional or derivational is not easy. . . . [W]e define inflection as those categories of morphology that are regularly responsive to the grammatical environment in which they are expressed. Inflection differs from derivation in that derivation is a lexical matter in which choices are independent of the grammatical environment.​(Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols, Inflectional Morphology. Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, 2nd ed., edited by Timothy Shopen. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Dictionaries and Inflectional Morphology[I]t is not correct to say that dictionaries never have anything to say about inflectional morphology. This is because there are two reasons why a word form such as pianists does not have to be listed, and these reasons are interdependent. The first is that, once we know that an English word is a noun denoting a kind of thing that can be counted (if the noun is pianist or cat, perhaps, but not astonishment or rice), then we can be confident that it will mean simply more than one X, whatever X may be. The second reason is that, unless otherwise specified, we can be confident that the plural form of any countable noun will be formed by adding to the singular form the suffix -s (or rather, the appropriate allomorph of this suffix); in other words, suffixing -s is the regular method of forming plurals.That qualification unless otherwise specified is crucial, however. Any native speaker of English, after a moments thought, should be able to think of at least two or three nouns that form their plural in some other way than by adding -s: for example, child has the plural form children, tooth has the plural teeth, and man has the plural men. The complete list of such nouns in English is not long, but it includes some that are extremely common. What this means for the dictionary entries for child, tooth, man and the others is that, although nothing has to be said about either the fact that these nouns possess a plural form or about what it means, something does have to be said about how the plural is formed.(Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh University Press, 2002) Eight Regular Morphological InflectionsThere are eight regular morphological inflections, or grammatically marked forms, that English words can take: plural, possessive, third-person singular present tense, past tense, present participle, past participle, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Most have phonologically sensitive realizations. . . .Modern English has relatively few morphological inflections in comparison with Old English or with other European languages. The inflections and word-class clues that do remain help the listener process incoming language.(Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna M. Brinton, and Janet M. Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, 1996)Irregular Inflectional MorphologyThe so-called irregular inflectional morphology or morphological processes (such as internal vowel change or ablaut (sing, sang, sung)) today represent limited historical remnants of former grammatical inflectional systems which were probably semantically based and are now acquired lexically for frequently used lexical items rather than as grammatical systems (Tobin 1993:Ch. 12).​(Yishai Tobin, Phonology as Human Behavior: Inflectional Systems in English. Advances in Functional Linguistics: Columbia School Beyond Its Origins, ed. by Joseph Davis, Radmila J. Gorup, and Nancy Stern. John Benjamins, 2006)

Are two sets of GAAP really needed for Colleges and Universities Research Paper

Are two sets of GAAP really needed for Colleges and Universities - Research Paper Example This resulted in difference in accounting procedures and financial reporting models adopted by the private institutions as compared to the public institutions which followed fund-based reporting. Later with the introduction of GASB in 1984, public institutions abandoned fund-based reporting to adopt the GASB guidance to conform to federal government directive. This has led to difference in the comparability of the financial statements where to institutions uses different rules and procedures in financial reporting (Hoyle, et al 831). The user of independent university and colleges are mainly rating agencies, donors, students, parents and federal agencies. The FASB provides for recognition of contribution, pledges, impairments and investments. These disclosures are important to the stakeholders in making decisions. On the other hand GASB does not allow for of contributed services, trusts, capitalization of software and pledges, are not necessary since the stake holders are interested in such disclosures. Therefore, the two set of GAAPs does not allow comparability between the public university and independent institutions (Ruppel 563). As delineated above both the FASB and GASB occasion disparity in display, disclosure, measurement and recognition thus challenging the comparability of financial statement. This occasions difficulties in ascertaining the transparency in financial reporting between the two similar institutions. Although both public and private universities and colleges objectives are similar, they differ on interested stakeholders who may require different disclosures to be made in the financial statements. Therefore, the financial statement and the disclosures should be tailor made to meet the need of the stakeholders. In conclusion, if the two boards could harmonize the measurements, display, disclosure and recognition of the financial reporting model and

Electronic Text Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electronic Text Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The game is a combination of community features and role playing elements, just like in other MMORPGs, such as item trading, guilds, and chat. The game gives the player a chance to select different skills as the person levels up. This game, like other games, has various purposes expected of the player to experience (Elswrod). Rhetoric analysis means making arguments or claims about the video game. Video games features in procedural representations of material, social, and cultural aspects of human experience (Bogost 123). Elsword is an example of a videogame representing the entertainment aspect of human experience. A lot of action movies are characterised by the villain and the good heroes who sacrifice a lot to eliminate the villains. The heroes always have exceptional skills which they acquire through training and experience. Like real action movies, this video game has heroes with unique skills, and missions to accomplish. The video game also provides an opportunity for the players to test their skills, and know more about their personality. Different characters have different skills, and selecting one can enable one understand himself better when in combat. Also, there are various individuals with different characters such as a swordsman, an archer, a witch among others. One can enjoy the imaginatio n of being a witch and what he or she can do with being a witch. It is a skill simulator. Elsword provides very good entertaining content like the boss rush modes, the costumes, the pets, and the gear that unleashes the gamers’ skills and actions in an imaginary action movie world (Elswrod). It is argued that video games symbolize certain processes and the characters in the game are used to enact the processes (King). In Elsword, symbolizes several human experiences. It symbolizes the fantasy world full of heroes that humans always want. The characters are provided with

Ideology of the films Essay Example for Free

Ideology of the films Essay I. Introduction Feature films such as Star Wars and The Terminator last just a couple of hours, but they take months or even years to make. Huge teams of people are involved in preparing for the action, and then capturing it on camera. Then, when the acting has finished, more hard work begins on turning the action into a film fit for cinema and TV screens. This paper studies (1) who were the first film-makers; (2) know the development of cinema worldwide; (3) be aware of the different types of modern film and; (4) figure out the film-making at present. II. Background A. The first film-makers The first people to invent equipment for making films were the Americans W. K. L. Dickson and Thomas Edison, in the early 1890s. Their apparatus consisted of a camera called the Kinetograph and a viewing box called the Kinetoscope. Only one person at a time could look into the viewing box to watch the film, which was in black and white, had no sound and lasted just a few seconds. Two French brothers called Auguste and Louis Lumiere first devised a way of projecting film images onto a large screen for an audience. The Lumiere brothers called their apparatus the Cinematographe. They carried out their first demonstration in a Paris cafe in December 1895. People were stunned to see the large, moving pictures. Other inventors immediately began creating new types of projectors and experimenting with making their own films. ? Early film-making ideas Film cameras do not record movement. The moving pictures we see on screen are actually still photographs, taken so quickly one after the other that they seem to merge. Each still photograph is called a frame. Most film cameras today take 24 frames every second, on a big reel of film that is wound steadily through the camera. The first film cameras, though, could take only 16 frames every second. The length of the film on the reel was 20 or 25 metres, which gave just about one minute of screen time. So the first films usually showed just one, short scene. For example, L’Arroseur Arrose (A Trick on the Gardener) by the Lumiere brothers, made in 1895. The first film with more than one scene was probably Come Along Do! , produced by the Robert Paul company in Britain in 1898. The company joined a scene outside an art gallery with a scene inside. A film-maker called George Melies began to produce multi-scene films, such as Cinderella (1899). Melies also experimented with interesting ways to join the scenes together. He often used equipment, such as slides and magic lanterns, to create special effects. At the turn of the century, two British film-makers working separately in Brighton came up with creative ideas for shooting the scenes themselves. George Albert Smith invented a technique for filming a scene from different camera positions. In The Little Doctors (1901), a scene showing somebody feeding medicine to a kitten is shown first from a distance, then in close-up, then from a distance again. James Williamson had a different idea—to shoot a piece of action across several scenes, instead of just one. In Stop Thief! (1901), the lead character runs out of one scene, then the film cuts to a new scene elsewhere and the lead character runs into the scene, continuing the story. An American film-maker called Edwin S. Porter used ideas like these especially effectively in a 1903 film called The Great Train Robbery. III. Discussion A. The Development of Cinema Worldwide In the early days of film-making there were no cinemas. Film-makers used specialist sales organizations to sell their films to entertainment organizers, who projected them as part of variety shows in tent theatres. From 1905 to 1908 in the United States, thousands of theatres (known as nickelodeons) were set up especially for film. Permanent film theatres were also established across Europe, and film-making became a booming business. From 1908 a leading centre for American film-making developed in an area of southern California called Hollywood. Established British and French film companies were joined by flourishing film industries all over the world. An Italian film company produced the first large-scale film in 1912. It was called Quo Vadis? , and used massive film sets and more than 5,000 actors. Film-going became so popular that from 1914 many lavish cinemas called picture palaces were created. They could seat thousands of people at a time. Film-companies began to make films that lasted for several reels instead of just one. Picture palace audiences had to wait in the middle of a film while the projectionist changed reels. Films in those days were silent, so picture palaces usually had a pianist or organist who played music to accompany the action. Film-makers also included short written sentences in the film to add to the story or explain what the actors were saying. One of the most famous silent film stars was the British actor Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977), who created the loveable character of the â€Å"little tramp† who had a funny walk. Many film companies experimented with animated drawings and models, as well as human actors. European film companies introduced the idea of making information films about events in the news, as well as films for entertainment. ? Color and Sound From the early 1900s, inventors had worked on films with colour and sound. The first breakthrough with colour came in 1908 in London, when G. A. Smith demonstrated a colour film process called Kinemacolour. However, Kinemacolour shades were based on just two colours, so films continued to be made in black and white. The first colour films to be created successfully from two colours were Toll of the Sea and The Black Pirate, shown to the public in 1922. In 1926 the American film company Warner Brothers delighted audiences with a series of short films that had sound to match the pictures. As the sound was recorded on a separate disc, the words did not always match the mouth movements of the actors. Warner Brothers’ The Jazz Singer was the first full-length talkie, in 1927. The film company Fox soon developed a more effective technique for recording the sound onto the film itself. During the 1930s, Hollywood film companies made the most of the new sound technology by making musicals with singing and dancing stars such as Shirley Temple, and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Gangster talkies and romantic comedies were popular in the United States and Britain, although at this time the Japanese film industry was the largest producer of films in the world. In 1934, the Bombay Talkies studio was formed in India, founding one of the biggest film industries in the world. While film companies had been busy creating talkies, they had also been working on perfecting colour in films. Finally a process was developed that used three colors to create different shades, rather than just two. In 1935, the first three-strip Technicolor film was produced, Becky Sharp. From then on, moving pictures not only sounded real, they looked real too. B. Different Types of Modern Films Since the early days, many different types, or genres, of feature film have been made. These include westerns (such as The Magnificent Seven), thrillers (The Fugitive), comedies (Home Alone), action adventures (Indiana Jones), supernatural horror (Dracula), war epics (The Great Escape), romantic comedies (When Harry Met Sally). Crime and gangster films (The Godfather), films with animation (Who Framed Roger Rabbit? ), spy adventures (Mission Impossible), kung-fu extravaganzas (Enter the Dragon), science-fiction (E.T. —The Extraterrestrial) and modern musicals (Grease and Moulin Rouge). Sometimes films combine two or more genres. Some films are produced with three-dimensional technology, so that if you wear special glasses, the images on-screen appear to have more depth, just like in real life. Other films are made for IMAX cinemas. These special cinemas have giant-sized screens with sophisticated sound systems to make you feel as if you are right in the middle of the action. IV. Conclusion A. Film-making today Film-making requires different specialist staff and technical processes, depending on what the film is about. All films go through three broad stages before they are ready for an audience. During the pre-production stage all the preparations are made for filming. The producer chooses the story, raises money and employs the people who will work on the film. The scriptwriter writes the words, creating an exciting plot and interesting characters. The director decides on the overall style of the film and chooses the leading actors. The art director is in charge of designers for the film sets, costumes and makeup, and choosing locations outside the studio. Technical directors are in charge of crews who build huge film sets and arrange lighting, sound and special effects. The production manager controls the budget and makes practical arrangements for filming. During the production stage filming takes place. Stories are not usually filmed in the right order. The actors and crew film all the scenes that take place in one location before moving on to another. The director guides the creative elements of the film, from giving opinions on the story, to instructing the actors, to choosing camera angles. The director is helped by people in different departments. For instance, a continuity person makes sure that all the details are correct in scenes that are shot out of sequence (such as the actors’ clothes and length of their hair). That way, when the filmed scenes are put into the right order later, they will run together smoothly. The post-production stage happens when all the action has been filmed. An editor cuts sequences of action and joins them together, adding the sound. When the director and producer are happy with it, the finished film is then ready for distribution companies to sell to cinemas or TV companies.

We Must Reduce Class Sizes and Improve Teaching Methods Essay -- Class

County High school's current purpose of education is to prepare students with the knowledge they need to be ready for the workforce. To fulfill their purpose they place a minimum of 30 students, if not more, in each class with only one teacher. I, as a junior at County High school, believe that to improve the education for the long term benefit of students the number of classes should be reduced and the customary teaching methods should be improved. Class sizes are too large and need to be reduced. For example, currently, there are 36 students enrolled in my English class, including myself. I have no problem of any kind with the other students. My problem is that there are so many students in that class that as a result, only some get feedback from the teacher. It is unfair that the teacher only has time to talk to some. If the class sizes are reduced the teacher will have the opportunity to talk one on one with the students, helping them overcome their academic struggles. In a class of 40, not all students are sentient of what the teacher is teaching them. Some sit in the back of the classroom like brainless zombies and waste their time day dreaming or doing something else. It is not obvious whether each student participates or not. There are so many that students hardly engage with the class. But in a class of 20, it is obvious if a student does not participate. Students are forced to be sentient and engage in what’s going on. In both classes there are students who are conscious. The only major difference is that in a smaller class all students are conscious rather than only some. If the classes are reduced each student will get an equal opportunity to engage in the education that will get them into the workforce. Jam... ...le of the Cave." Republic. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974.) pg.240-48. Print. James Baldwin, â€Å"A Talk To Teachers,† in The Language of Composition, edited by Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. (Boston, MA: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2008) pg.123-129. James Baldwin, â€Å"A Talk To Teachers,† in The Language of Composition, edited by Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. (Boston, MA: Bedford/ St.Martins, 2008) pg.123-129. IBID Horace Mann, â€Å" A Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education,† in The Language of Composition, edited by Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. (Boston, MA: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2008) pg. 150-152. Ralph Waldo Emerson, â€Å"Education,† in The Language of Composition, edited by Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. (Boston, MA: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2008) pg. 103-108.

Research Methodology – Summary

Descriptive studies help discover new meaning, describe what currently exists, and categorize the information. We will use desk research as well as field research; we will use both kinds of research because this way we will have the most appropriate Information. Desk research will include telephone Interviewing, online research etc. On the other hand we have field research, this will give us an edge because we'll be out in the field and have interaction with potential customers, immediate feedback etc. Experiments: We can experiment to see if a certain amount of people will actually enjoy and have good views towards Wipers.Research strategies: * Telephone Interviewing. * Questioning at shops Like Blocker and Supermarkets. * Questionnaires. Personal Interviewing. Purpose of the research: * Finding out the competitors. * Finding out if there is a place for us in market. * Finding out how marketable our product is. * Finding out what potential customers think of our product. Population and Sample: We have concluded that the Ranted regions will be the first regions for our questionnaires to find place at. Because of these regions populations It Is the most appropriate way to have Interaction with many potential customers..Because of the population it is obvious that it is not feasible to give unlimited samples, therefore a feedback to us and so we will process this data as well. As it is obvious that we want to have the most efficient information out of this selected group there will be some exclusion and inclusion criteria requirements. Include: * Stay at home ; working women or men * Age group of 18-50 * Minimum of 50 and maximum of 80 participants Exclude: * Kids Individuals who never clean their houses themselves ( help in the house ) We will have a letter of invitation for it to be send to our potential participants.Within this letter of invitation we will explain the reason of the research, discussion on confidentiality and what the participation will entail. With this letter of invitation will be agreement form, which must be read, signed and returned by participants in order to take part in the research. The time period will be two weeks. Participants will experience using the product and have their feedback on a written document as well as face to face interviews ( this tit only a again selected group ) Our analyzers will have a week time to process the gained data in the research.Data collection methods and procedures: As previously stated we intend to carry out a qualitative research design, In order to do so it requires us to have one on one interviews with the interviewees. This allows the interviewees to discuss their opinions and experiences. Having said that, there are also different kinds of interview styles. There is the semi-structured interview which has a prepared topic guide or certain amount of questions to be covered with each participant.How long the interviews will last depends on the kind of interview which will tak e place and on the participants' responses which will lead the direction and length of the interview. Participants will be ensured of their anonymity as well. Data analysis: The purpose of data analysis is to organize and provide structure to the research data. Qualitative data analysis occurs in three phases: description, analysis and interpretation. We will transcribe the interviews and carry out analyzing of the transcripts.Furthermore we will go on and complete a reduction in data through categorizing ND identifying similar information of the data we have gathered throughout the data and compare variables. Validity and Reliability: Validity is understood best by the question: ‘Are we measuring what we think we are measuring? And reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. So to test the validity and reliability we will perform a pilot study which is a brief and limited version of the planned research and which will help us identify any weaknesses in the plan and allow time to rectify any necessary amendments.A pilot study will allow us to make any adjustments before the main event takes place. Ethical consideration: All research studies present a number of ethical and moral concerns which must be identified and addressed prior to carrying out any research study in order to protect all participants from potential harm. Therefore we have asked our participants to sign a consent form ensuring them of the confidentiality and informing them about the nature of the research. However, we don't expect any ethical dilemmas to occur because of the nature of our research.

Financial Markets and Return Essay

Problem 1 (BKM, Q3 of Chapter 7) (10 points1) What must be the beta of a portfolio with E( rP ) = 20.0%, if the risk free rate is 5.0% and the expected return of the market is E( rM ) = 15.0%? Answer: We use E( rP ) = ÃŽ ² P *(E( rM ) – r f ) + r f . We then have: 0.20 = ÃŽ ² P *(0.15-0.05) + 0.05. Solving for the beta we get: ÃŽ ² P =1.5. Problem 2 (BKM, Q4 of Chapter 7) (20 points) The market price of a security is $40. Its expected rate of return is 13%. The risk-free rate is 7%, and the market risk premium is 8%. What will the market price of the security be if its beta doubles (and all other variables remain unchanged)? Assume that the stock is expected to pay a constant dividend in perpetuity. Hint: Use zero-growth Dividend Discount Model to calculate the intrinsic value, which is the market price. Answer: First, we need to calculate the original beta before it doubles from the CAPM. Note that: ÃŽ ² = (the security’s risk premium)/(the market’s risk premium) = 6/8 = 0.75. Second, when its beta doubles to 2*0.75 = 1.5, then its expected return becomes: 7% + 1.5*8% = 19%. (Alternatively, we can find the expected return after the beta doubles in the following way. If the beta of the security doubles, then so will its risk premium. The current risk premium for the stock is: (13% – 7%) = 6%, so the new risk premium would be 12%, and the new discount rate for the security would be: 12% + 7% = 19%.) Third, we find out the implied constant dividend payment from its current market price of $40. If the stock pays a constant dividend in perpetuity, then we know from the original data that the dividend (D) must satisfy the equation for a perpetuity: Price = Dividend/Discount rate 40 = D/0.13 ⇒ D = 40 * 0.13 = $5.20 Last, at the new discount rate of 19%, the stock would be worth: $5.20/0.19 = $27.37. The increase in stock risk has lowered the value of the stock by 31.58%. Problem 3 (BKM, Q16 of Chapter 7) (10 points) A share of stock is now selling for $100. It will pay a dividend of $9 per share at the end of the year. Its beta is 1.0. What do investors expect the stock to sell for at the end of the year if the market expected return is18% and the risk free rate for the year is 8%? Answer: Since the stock’s beta is equal to 1, its expected rate of return should be equal to that of D + P1 − P0 , therefore, we can solve for P1 as the market, that is, 18%. Note that: E(r) = P0 9 + P1 − 100 the following: 0.18 = ⇒ P1 = $109. 100 Problem 4 (15 points) Assume two stocks, A and B. One has that E( rA ) = 12% and E( rB ) = 15.%. The beta for stock A is 0.8 and the beta for B is 1.2. If the expected returns of both stocks lie in the SML line, what is the expected return of the market and what is the risk-free rate? What is the beta of a portfolio made of these two assets with equal weights? Answer: Since both stocks lie in the SML line, we can immediately find its slope or the risk premium of the market. Slope = (E(rM) – rF) = ( E(r2) – E(r1))/( ÃŽ ²2- ÃŽ ²1) = (0.15-0.12)/(1.2-0.8) = 0.03/0.4= 0.075. Putting these values in E(r2) = ÃŽ ²2*(E(rM) – rF) + rF one gets: 0.15 = 1.2*0.075 + rF or rF =0.06=6.0%. The Expected return of the market is then given by (E(rM) – 0.06) = 0.075 giving: E(rM) = 13.5%. If you create a portfolio with these two assets putting equals amounts of money in them (equally weighted), the beta will be ÃŽ ²P = w1*ÃŽ ²1+w2*ÃŽ ²2= 0.5*1.2+0.5*0.8 = 1.0. Problem 5 (15 points) You have an asset A with annual expected return, beta, and volatility given by: E( rA ) = 20%, ÃŽ ² A =1.2, ÏÆ' A =25%, respectively. If the annual risk-free rate is r f =2.5% and the expected annual return and volatility of the market are E( rM )=10%, ÏÆ' A =15%, what is the alpha of asset A? Answer: In order to find the alpha, ÃŽ ± A , of asset A we need to find out the difference between the expected return of the asset E( rA ) and the expected return implied by the CAPM which is r f + ÃŽ ² A (E(rM) – r f ). That is, express its expected return as: ÃŽ ± A = E( rA ) – r f + ÃŽ ² A (E( rM ) – r f )). Since we know the expected return of the market, the beta of the asset with respect to the market, and the risk-free rate, alpha is given by: ÃŽ ± A = E( rA ) – ÃŽ ² A (E( rM ) – r f ) – r f = 0.20 – 1.2(0.1 – 0.025) – 0.025 = 0.085 = 8.5%. 2 Problem 6 (BKM, Q23 of Chapter 7) (20 points) Consider the following data for a one-factor economy. All portfolios are well diversified. _______________________________________ Portfolio E(r) Beta ———————————————————-A 10% 1.0 F 4% 0 ———————————————————-Suppose another portfolio E is well diversified with a beta of 2/3 and expected return of 9%. Would an arbitrage opportunity exist? If so, what would the arbitrage strategy be? Answer: You can create a Portfolio G with beta equal to 1.0 (the same as the beta for Portfolio A) by taking a long position in Portfolio E and a short position in Portfolio F (that is, borrowing at the risk-free rate and investing the proceeds in Portfolio E). For the beta of G to equal 1.0, the pr oportion (w) of funds invested in E must be: 3/2 = 1.5 The expected return of G is then: E(rG) = [(−0.50) Ãâ€" 4%] + (1.5 Ãâ€" 9%) = 11.5% ÃŽ ²G = 1.5 Ãâ€" (2/3) = 1.0 Comparing Portfolio G to Portfolio A, G has the same beta and a higher expected return. This implies that an arbitrage opportunity exists. Now, consider Portfolio H, which is a short position in Portfolio A with the proceeds invested in Portfolio G: ÃŽ ²H = 1ÃŽ ²G + (−1)ÃŽ ²A = (1 Ãâ€" 1) + [(−1) Ãâ€" 1] = 0 E(rH) = (1 Ãâ€" rG) + [(−1) Ãâ€" rA] = (1 Ãâ€" 11.5%) + [(− 1) Ãâ€" 10%] = 1.5% The result is a zero investment portfolio (all proceeds from the short sale of Portfolio A are invested in Portfolio G) with zero risk (because ÃŽ ² = 0 and the portfolios are well diversified), and a positive return of 1.5%. Portfolio H is an arbitrage portfolio. Problem 7 (10 points) Compare the CAPM theory with the APT theory, explain the difference between these two theories? Answer: APT applies to well-diversified portfolios and not necessarily to individual stocks. It is possible for some individual stocks not to be on the SML. CAPM assumes rational behavior for all investors; APT only requires some rational investors: APT is more general in that its factor does not have to be the market portfolio. Both models give the expected return-beta relationship. 3

Why I Want an MBA †Grad School Admission Essay

Why I Want an MBA – Grad School Admission Essay Free Online Research Papers There are many reasons in my life that has helped me to decide â€Å"Why I Want an MBA?† How much education I obtain is fulfilling a personal goal that I set for myself a very long time ago, even though it has taken me some years to get there. First and foremost, it is very important for me to be a good role model, and an inspiration to my children and grandchildren; and to ensure that they understand that education leads to many successes in life. I have always believed in leading by example. Also, the changes in this global economy, along with my age and job security are some other reasons for my decision. Being able to influence and heighten my family members to aspire to greater and better things that life has to offer is very important to me, and I know that getting a good quality education will open more doors for them to be successful. In 1966, the late, great singer/composer, James Brown, had a hit song entitled â€Å"Don’t Be a Drop-Out† which has influenced me throughout my life. The global economy, as it changes from day-to-day, dictate that the skills and knowledge I possess today will be null and void tomorrow, unless I continue my education. Therefore, being an older and non-traditional student has made me realize how competitive the job market is in this global workforce. By obtaining my MBA and maybe entering a doctoral program, is something I must also do to ensure my success in today’s workforce. The job I have now depends upon writing a grant proposal and getting it funded through the federal government every four years, but the federal governm ent can stop funding this program in a moment’s notice. And because of this, the advantages for me getting an MBA outweighs the scarifies I have to make to get an MBA. As far as the advantages to obtaining an MBA, according to Conde (n.d.) are: â€Å"the opportunity to increase ones salary, to advance in ones career, and to meet and develop a rapport with influential executives and colleagues in ones industry†; but there are also reasons and disadvantages in obtaining an MBA. The reasons or disadvantages that some people find for not entering an MBA program or furthering their education is the cost (to expensive); â€Å"in some cases, the cost of an MBA degree is four times as much as ones average yearly salary†, according to Schweitzer (n.d.); and finding the time to study especially if you have a full time job and other family obligations†. After pondering over the advantages and disadvantages of entering an MBA program, I know that I have made the right decision because obtaining this degree will allow me to keep my family inspired; and this degree will afford the opportunity me to venture out into unknown territories of su ccess. â€Å"The MBA is not an end in itself, but a means to an end; and it should supply three main value propositions: skills, networks, and brand. Hard skills include economics, finance, marketing, operations, management, and accounting; and the soft skills include leadership, teamwork, ethics, and communication that are so critical for effective management. Equally important is the networks which include but is not limited to networking with MBA students, alumni, faculty, and business and community leaders. Networking is very useful when beginning a job search, developing a career path, building business relationships in one’s current career. As far as brand, the article states that the MBA degree is a recognized brand that signifies management and leadership training; and that a powerful brand can give one the flexibility to make changes throughout ones career† (University of Pennsylvania, n.d.). As a result of my â€Å"What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality?â €  (Marcie Nutt, 1989), I am coded as an ENTJ that states: â€Å"I am outgoing, visionary, and argumentative, have a low tolerance for incompetence, and often seen as a natural leader. This personality test lists my possible career as a manager, management trainer, stockbroker, lawyer, chemical engineer, or police officer.† Therefore, obtaining an MBA will definitely help me become the role model I desire to be for my family, and my educational qualifications will make me better prepared to face this very competitive job market. And I will not forget that there are many successful business owners and CEOs to include self-made millionaires and billionaires that do not possess any formal education. An article about CEOs states that, Michael Dell, founder and CEO of Dell computer, was a pre-med biology major at the University of Texas before dropping out of school after his freshman year; and Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates also left college without earning a degree (Lewis, n.d.). This article highlights CEOs who did not pursue an MBA and how successful they are in their field of expertise and in business. Just as these two men had the vision and the skill to hone in on what it would take to make them successful, I also know that my education will led me to a path of success. Without a doubt, the forces that have caused me to travel this journey will help me to be successful in my educational endeavors. Because of my entering an MBA program, my daughter whom I greatly admire and respect, has enrolled in a Master’s program and upon completing this degree, she plans to enter into a doctoral program. I won’t say that we are competitive but as her mother, I know what inspires her, and that is, following in my footsteps. My son, who makes more money than my daughter and I put together, have not entered into college as of this date, but I keep encouraging him to do so. He understands the importance of an education and has assured me that he will be enrolling in school in the near future. I am very proud of my accomplishments thus far, and I will continue to be the inspiration that my family need in this time of economic uncertainty; and I will always stress upon my family the importance of a good quality education. References Conde, C. (n.d.). Why get an mba? Retrieved September 7, 2008, from collegeview.com/articles/CV/careeers/why_an_mba.html Lewis, A. (n.d.). Many top CEOs say mba not necessarily ticket to success. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/libart/ceolibarts.html Marcie, D., Nutt, P. (1989). Self-assessment library: What’s my jungian 16-type personality [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from University of Phoenix, MGT521- Management Course Web site. Schweitzer, K. (n.d.). What is an mba degree? Retrieved September 7, 2008, from http://businessmajors.about.com/od/programcomparison/a/mbaDegree.htm University of Pennsylvania. (n.d.). The wharton mba. Retrieved September 7, 2008, from http://wharton.upenn.edu/mba/admissions/decision/why.cfm Research Papers on Why I Want an MBA - Grad School Admission EssayStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalLifes What IfsResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Agencies And Information Classification Criminology Essay

Agencies And Information Classification Criminology Essay Individual agencies classify criminal information that is compiled in a report as Uniform Crime Reporting. The Uniform reports are usually compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and they consist of criminal data that belongs to all the states that form United States of America. This program began in 1929. It was the idea of police commanders, who saw the need of creating a reliable criminal statistics for the country (Anderson and Dyson, 2002). Today, the reports form an important element of fighting criminal activities within United States of America. This is because they necessary information that law enforcement officers can rely on for purposes of fighting criminal activities. For instance, the reports provide the names of the most wanted criminals, and the patterns of crime within a certain locality (Anderson and Dyson, 2002). The reports also help policy makers in the department of homeland security on how to develop policies that will help in making the country secu re. The various law enforcement agencies within the country have the responsibility of collecting these reports, and thereafter present them to the FBI for compilation. Currently, there are three Uniform Crime Reports published by the FBI, namely; Hate Crime Statistics 2011. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted 2011. The Preliminary Uniform Crime report 2012. Resources Available for Sheriffs and Police Chiefs: One of the resources that public safety officials like police officers and Sheriffs have in classifying crimes in their locations is the fusion centers. A fusion center is an institution formed by the department of homeland security for purposes of receiving, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence information from to the relevant security bodies. These centers can therefore guide security officers and Sheriffs on how to classify the various crimes within their areas of jurisdiction. They have the capability of identifying whether a crime falls under terrorism, or i t is a murder/ homicide. The Central Investigative Agency is also another resource that police chiefs and sheriffs have that can help them in classifying and analyzing crimes (Dunn, 2012). The agency has the responsibility of collecting intelligence information, and provides it for assessment by senior policy makers in United States of America. On this note, Sheriffs and local police chiefs can benefit from their facilities and experience in analyzing and classifying the various criminal activities within their locality. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is another resource unit that the Sheriffs and local police chiefs can use to classify and categorize criminal activities. This is a Federal Agency that has the responsibility of fighting crimes within the United States of America. The department is well equipped to handle any forms of criminal activities. The department also has experts who can categorize and analyze various criminal activities within the state, and therefore She riffs and local police chiefs can use their experiences in analyzing the various criminal activities within their areas of jurisdictions. Pros and Cons of UCR: The Uniform Crime Reporting system is advantageous because people are able to know the crime rate of their locality. For instance, women who are concerned with the security of their children might know the crime rates of the schools in which they take their children to, or the surrounding environment where their children play or pass through. The report also provides information on the various crimes that occur within the state, and tries to project their occurrence in future (Dunn, 2012).

Ethical argument smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical argument smoking - Essay Example Those who consider it justified ethically say that to smoke or not is individual’s decision and everybody has a right to decide for himself/herself. Smoking cigarettes is often considered to be a cause of other problems. There is need to find out how frequently smoking becomes the cause of more serious and condemnable habits like smoking heroin or marijuana. The optimal limit to which one can smoke plain cigarettes without causing substantial damage to one’s health should also be determined. I think that currently my topic is not narrow enough to write a detailed argument about it. I might need to narrow it down so that I collect facts and explore the topic from a particular aspect like the optimal level of plain smoking or smoking as a cause of heroin consumption etc. People who oppose my position would say that smoking is injurious to health, so it cannot be justified on any grounds. They would also say that smoking in private is also not acceptable since the activity does not yield a single positive result but does carry a lot of risks for the smoker. I can say that cigarettes are not the only thing that are injurious to health; there are many other activities that are injurious to health or environment but they are not taken as seriously e.g. alcohol consumption, drunk driving, and consumption of junk food. I can say that to smoke in private should be allowed because there is practically no way to stop an individual from smoking in private. Any amount of energy or resources invested in trying to stop people from smoking in private would go wasted. The readers would know that cigarettes are injurious to health and can be a cause of such conditions as lung cancer and mouth cancer. I would need to carry out some research to prove my readers that cigarettes are not as injurious to health as they are frequently assumed to be. I

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Journal - Essay Example I lived with friends, so the rent I was paying was quite a bargain. I was driven and started looking for work immediately. After two months of desperate searching I landed in a travel agency as a sales consultant. The job was an hour and a half away by public transport and I had to change 2 trains and a bus in order to get there. I started at 10 and finished at 7 with an hour lunch break. I was waking up 7.30, getting dressed out of the door by 8, to ensure that I was there at least 10 minutes before my shift and had enough time to buy breakfast before work. I never finished at 7 pm. Sometimes I had to stay until 8, so until I got home it was a good 9.30 pm. I was also required to work on Saturdays 3 times a month. I managed to stay at this job for 2 months. I couldnt handle the 3 hours travelling any longer, the low salary and 6 days work commitment. This was one of the most demanding and exhausting jobs I ever had. An anecdotal experience was when a customer called while I was still working for the travel agency asking to book a holiday to Luxor. We were talking for about 45 minutes about pyramids, night life, pools and kids activities. I was just confirming the flights to Las Vegas, when the customer interrupted me very bewildered. It turned out that, he wanted to go to Luxor in Egypt and I was talking about the hotel Luxor in Las Vegas. Funnily, the customer recommended me to his brother and in few days he called to book Las Vegas – hotel Luxor. I was working at a very busy and hectic call centre. There were always new employees coming and leaving. It was difficult to handle 3 different work shits covering 24 hours. One day, a couple came along and the manager introduced them to the floor. They will be starting work in few days. They used to work for the call centre few years ago, but moved to another town and now they decided to come back. The conflict arose when the couple informed the manager that they preferred to sit together. There werent any

Case study- Netflix 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study- Netflix 2012 - Essay Example Substitute products have a very strong influence over the organization because firms in other industries are producing substitutes to what Netflix is offering. These products are also comparatively priced to attract more customers. Bargaining power of suppliers is strong because there are very few content and studio providers available in the industry. Furthermore, the suppliers are significantly differentiated and the overall procedure of contracts is long-term and expensive. It is now easier for few firms to enter in to the market primarily because demand is constantly increasing and there are very low barriers for entrance, for instance, unrestricted regulatory policies, less capital requirements, low degrees of customer loyalty and brand preferences etc. (Peteraf). Based on the above analysis it can be summarized that movie rental industry is significantly attractive to make huge profits. This is firstly because customers are increasing rapidly and the new technological developments are encouraging them towards live streaming and DVDs. Although this is highly competitive market but if the organization applies right strategies then profits can be increased. The overall concept of movie rentals has drastically changed with the development of internet technology. Previously we used to get our movies from physical stores but today millions of people subscribe to websites such as Netflix in order to rent DVDs and watch movies. Netflix has also given significant customer facilities. In the near future customers are expected to switch completely to live streaming and online video libraries while paying a small amount as rent. The long term growth rate of Movie Rental Industry: In the last two decades customers using online movie rental services have significantly increased which has actually influenced the long term growth rate of the entire industry. It is evident that young people specifically from 14-34 years of age are now

Relationship between energy consumption and economic development

Relationship between energy consumption and economic development In the recent years China has rapidly developed into one of the largest economies in the World. China has shifted from the 108th to the 72nd rank on the World Development Index. The economic growth, industrialization and the urbanization have resulted to an annual average real GDP growth rate of 8 to 9 percent. The real income per capita has increased in this period, with the factor 10. This impressive growth however also implies higher environmental pressures despite new technological improvements of resource utilization being applied. The enormous growth of China results in substantially higher energy consumption. This goes hand in hand with higher CO2 emissions. The primary energy consumption in China has grown at an annual average rate of 6% between 1965 and 2008, with the first measurement of 183 oil equivalent million tonnes in 1965, and the latest measurement of 2003 MTN in 2008 (BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009). The emission emitted by China in 2007 was 6.466 MTN and 6.897 MTN in 2008, indicating an increase of 6.4%. The global CO2 emission has increased from 31.007 MTN in 2007, to 31.578 MTN in 2008. This represents an increase of 1.6 %. The share of China in the global emission in 2008 according to this information is a stunning 21,8% (BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009). The projection of the IPCC (2007) is that the CO2 emission from energy consumption between 2000 and 2030 are estimated to increase with 40 to even 110%. The CO2 emissions in China has exceeded the maximum amount stated in the Kyoto Protocol, which is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change focusing on preventing global warming. China has not been able to meet 10 of the 13 critical points in the current five-year plan, with targets for air and water pollution control (The World Bank, State Environmental Protection Administration, P.R. China, 2007). The overall environmental pollution costs in China are estimated to be about 5.8% of the GDP in China. For example it is estimated that in 2003 the acid rain which is mainly caused by fossil fuel emissions, has caused over 44 million dollars (30 billion Yuan  [1]  ) damage to crops, and an estimated 10,3 million dollars (7 billion Yuan) in damage to building materials in China (The World Bank, State Environmental Protection Administration, P. R. China, 2007) It is clear that economic growth contributes to a higher CO2 emission and global warming. Is this economic growth sustainable in the long term due to the impacts on air pollution? Is it worth the growth of China given the limited amount of resources available and the need for environmental conservation? Countries will have to find a balance between their consumption and economic growth. Various studies have analyzed the relationship between economic growth and the emission of CO2. For instance B. Friedl and M. Getzner (2003) found a significant relationship during the period of 1960 and 1999, with a structural break in the seventies due to the oil price shock. J. B. Ang (2007) found a dynamic relationship between pollutant emissions, energy consumption and economic development. They point out that the more energy is used in the economy, the more CO2 emissions are released, which in its turn has a quadratic relationship with the output in the long run. This indicates that output growth is a reactor for CO2 emissions and energy consumption. This relationship between output and the pollution level has been widely documented as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The EKC hypothesis indicates that the relationship between economic development and the environment is shown as an inverted U-curve, whereas environmental damage first increases with income and over time will stabilize, and eventually declines. China is one of the main driving forces of global warming, with the highest emission value and the highest economic growth rate. Since energy consumption has a direct impact on the level of environmental pollution, China is an interesting country to examine. Amidst the animated debate of global warming and sustainability, the energy consumption will be related as an input factor for economic activity along with the emission of CO2 in China. Other influences which are included are price indices, total gross fixed capital, population and the technological developments. I will make use of the measurements published by the following databases excluding the Chinese Statistical Yearbooks due to incoherent results with these databases; the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, the World Development Indicators database, The Conference Board Total Economy database and the World Intellectual Property Organization database. The outcome of the research could contribute to the debate of the mitigation of global warming and should imply that China has to speed up the technological developments to create or implement energy efficient technologies to reduce the CO2 emissions in line with the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. This implies that policies should be reformulated to stimulate the use of alternative resources and technological developments. The nexus of energy consumption economic development CO2 emission, with price indices, total gross fixed capital, technological development and population. Price indices and fluctuations Investment in Pollution Treatment and RD Technological development Air pollution: CO2 Emission Economic Development: GDP TGFC Consumption Total Energy Consumption: Oil / Gas Coal / Nuclear / Hydro-electricity Households Population Literature review/Background There are two strands of literature relevant in the nexus of energy consumption à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ economic development à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ CO2 emission. The first strand focuses upon the relation between energy consumption and economic development. More energy consumption leads to higher economic development through the enhancement of productivity. The second strand focuses upon the relation between economic growth and CO2 emission. The latter strand represents the interrelation between energy consumption and the increase of CO2, which is well known and obvious. Various studies indicate that more energy use results in more CO2 emission (J.Ang, 2007). Thus any movement of energy use will positively react to the emission level. 2.1 Strand 1 Energy consumption and economic development  [2]   This first strand divides the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in three possibilities. Firstly the causality that runs from energy consumption to economic growth. Secondly the causality that runs from economic growth to energy consumption. Thirdly bidirectional causality which implies there is an effect, or no effect in either direction between energy consumption and economic growth. 2.1.1 Unidirectional from energy consumption to economic growth The traditional neo-classical model based upon economic growth uses the energy inputs as an intermediate. The factor inputs land, labor and capital are used as basic factors, in order to neutralize the function of energy in production. Energy is an intermediate function; however it is the consumption of energy that causes economic growth. Energy remains an important aspect in the determination of income. National economies therefore depend upon the use of energy and will be affected by changes in energy consumption. Therefore the elasticity is expected to be high between energy consumption and economic growth, since it is an important aspect. Jia-Hai Yuan et al (2008) tests the causality between output growth and energy use in China at both aggregated total energy and disaggregated levels as coal, oil and electricity consumption and find that there exists Granger causality between the electricity and oil consumption to GDP. However they do not find Granger causality from coal and the total energy consumption of these three energy inputs to GDP. Soytas and Sari (2007) found the same Granger causality from electricity consumption to GDP in Turkey. Previous research by Soytas and Sari (2003) examining the G-7 countries, indicated an unidirectional relationship running from energy consumption to GDP in Turkey, France, Germany and Japan covering the period 1950-1992. Stern (1993) also found a Granger causality from total energy to GDP, employing a four-variable model with capital, labor, energy consumption and GDP. A.E. Akinlo (2006) results indicate that energy consumption is co-integrated with economic growth within seven out of eleven African countries, using an autoregressive distributed lag bound test (ARDL). The study also implies that there exists a significant long run effect on economic growth in four African countries. Fatai et al. (2004) showed that energy consumption has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia and India. C. Lee and C. Chang (2007) report a nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and an economic growth in Taiwan for the period 1955-2003, as inverse U-shape. They state from their previous research that in the long run energy unanimously acts as an engine of economic growth, and that energy conservation may harm economic growth. J. Ang (2007) found a unidirectional causality from the increase of energy and the output growth in the short run. The existence of unidirectional causality has some policy implications; it could suggest that a country is dependent upon the inputs of energy to establish economic growth. The restriction of energy may directly lead to lower economic growth or even a restrain and could result in a fall in employment or equivalently an increase in unemployment rate (N. M. Odhiambo 2009, A.E. Akinlo, 2008). It is difficult for governments to implement energy conservation policies as a part of a green future, and face the trade-off between energy consumption and growth. Environmental conservation will constantly be a part of every economic development process. Policies to conserve energy could be quotas, taxes, subsidies or the promotion of efficient use of technology (C. Lee, C. Chang, 2007) 2.1.2 Unidirectional from economic growth to energy consumption On the other hand I expect the increase in GDP will influence the energy consumption in various ways, firstly through an increased energy-intensity (energy consumption per unit of GDP) in households due to more spendable income. Also the private consumption of fuels in households and private car use seem to have a significant effect on the emission level (C.Lee and C. Chang, 2007). Population can thus be an indicator for the amount of energy consumption, whereas air pollution levels could be directly associated with population. The article of Lee and Chang (2007) discusses that the energy consumption in Taiwan has risen sharply due to rapid economic growth and higher living standards. Secondly increases in income will increase activities as investment, which is an important input factor for production processes. If the economy grows, this will result to an increased demand for energy will increase. Pioneering in this strand is the article of Kraft and Kraft dated in 1978. It is one of the first articles to examine the phenomenon. They found a unidirectional causality running from output to energy consumption for the United States during the period 1947à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1974. Jia-Hai Yuan et al (2008) is consistent with this result and found Granger causality in the short run from GDP to total energy consumption, coal and oil consumption. However there does exist causality from GDP to electricity consumption. Soytas and Sari (2003) found in their panel research a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to energy consumption for Italy (1950-1992) and Korea (1953-1991). Total gross fixed capital can be an indicator for the amount of energy consumption. This form of unidirectional causality from GDP to energy consumption can imply that a country is not solely dependent upon the energy consumption or energy input, leading to economic growth. Therefore policies can be implemented to conserve energy sources with no adverse or small effects on the economic growth (N. M., Odhiambo, 2009, A.E., Akinlo, 2008) 2.1.3 Bidirectional between energy consumption and economic growth The third view implies that there exists a bidirectional relationship within the nexus of energy consumption and economic growth. N. M. Odhiambo (2009) and A.E. Akinlo (2008) found this bidirectional causality. Soytas and Sari (2003) found this relationship for Argentina (1950-1990) within the G-7 countries. A.E. Akinlo (2008) analyzed three African countries in the short and long run show that this relationship holds for developed countries, while developing countries endure economic growth through more energy consumption only in the short run. C. Lee and C. Chang (2007) empirical findings suggest that energy consumption and economic growth are positively interrelated under a certain threshold. They stress the implications for future economic growth to the extent of resource scarcity. The finding of causality in both directions implies that energy conservation policies will have an impact on economic growth. The other bidirectional causality is known as the neutrality hypothesis, which implies that energy conservation policies do not affect economic growth. The insignificant impact in Taiwan beyond the mentioned threshold indicates that conservation policy is effective. The conservation policy could be implemented through energy taxes, new subsidies, quantity restriction and promoting efficient usage of energy such as innovation. However such environmental protection policies will lead to high costs and avoidance of rules. Eventually this will results in control expenditures. 2.2 Economic growth and CO2 emission The more energy consumed the more CO2 emission will follow up to a level of total clean technology. The direct relationship between energy consumption and the amount of CO2 emission is logical and empirically proven in several articles. The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission is a more interesting one. Well known in the literature is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Studies show that the EKC describes the relation between income and several local pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and water pollutants. This relationship is an inverted U-curve, whereas environmental damage will first increases with income and over time will stabilize to its maximum. The curve will eventually decline, creating the inverted U-shape. It appears that economic growth can solely lead to environmental degradation (Soytasa Saria 2007). This implies that at low-income levels we might see a positive relation between national income and pollution, and at high levels of income we can trace a negative relation between the two variables (Liu, X. 2005). This non-linear relationship between environmental pollution and income levels can be explained by three factors: scale, composition, and technique effects. The scale effect refers to the increase in pollution along with the size of the economy. The composition effect refers to the change in the production structure and reallocation of resources, from an agriculture based economy to an industry and service based economy. The technique effect refers to the used techniques of production which may reduce the amount of pollutant emissions. (J. Ang, 2007) B. Friedl and M. Getzner (2003) analyzed the CO2 emissions in a small open economy (Austria) and found a cubic relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in their research for the period of 1960 and 1999, meaning that the relationship has two inflection points, and change direction twice. They concluded that the Austrian emission and GDP are cointegrated and run parallel. J. Ang 2007 shows that there is a quadratic relation between CO2 emissions and output in the long run (parabola), in France for the period of 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that output growth causes CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the long run. A. Jalil, S.F. Mahmud 2009 analyzed the EKC hypothesis for China in the period 1971à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2005 with an ADRL framework. From their analysis there appears to be causality from economic growth to CO2 emissions, and a significant effect of energy consumption on the CO2 level. 2.3 Other factors affecting energy consumption and economic growth Another import factor is the research activity or investments in RD to reduce the amount of emissions. The common believe is that improvement in productivity and research activity will lead to a reduced amount of emission. An example is the Investment in technical upgrades and transformation in China in the electricity sector which increased sufficiently in 1990 and accelerated further since 1996. This should be one of the most important economic impulses driving energy efficiency improvements (L. Wu et al.2006). They also point out that the rising prices of energy since 1993 have provided strong economic incentives for the industry to decouple energy use from economic growth. This has driven the incentive to technically innovate. This refers to an economy that is able to sustain economic growth, without also experiencing a worsening of environmental conditions. However contra dictionary is the case of Taiwan, which has substantial changes in the structure of production in the economic sectors and enormous increases in development. This has led to a rapid increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Cole et al. (2008) show that productivity improvements and research activity will reduce the amount of emission. The article of J.Ang 2009 indicates that there exists a declining trend in CO2 emissions with the increase in research activity in China. From the data covering 1953 to 1999, it becomes clear that more innovation and RD activity will lead to beneficial influences in decreasing CO2 emissions. Policies created to decrease emission levels will lead to more research activity which will contribute directly through improved production techniques. This will decrease emissions and it will indirectly enable China to absorb green technology more efficiently from other countries. It is also likely that more efficient use of energy may require a higher level of economic development. That is, better economic performance may be a catalyst for energy efficiency, which makes energy consumption and economic development jointly determined (J. Ang 2007) This is based on the premises that different countries are in different stages of development. There are different effects on the developing process and impacts on the energy and growth relation. Two countries with similar levels of technology and factor endowments may have significantly different industrial structures as a result of past investment decisions. Their aggregate capital levels may be similar, but differences in the composition of capital may lead to differences in the opportunity cost of reducing emissions. A regression of only emissions on income may lead to a misspecification and bias, without controlling for the industrial structure. Therefore the total gross capital formation is important to include (Liu, X. 2005) Besides innovation and total gross capital formation, reforms of energy pricing systems in China since 1993 led to a dramatic rise in fuel prices and consequently to an economic decreased condition in the electricity generation sector, petroleum refinery sector and coal mining sector. B. Friedl and M. Getzner (2003) directly relate this structural break in energy consumption as a result, to a lower CO2 emission in Austria after the oil price shock. The recent price hikes stresses the importance of energy policies for conservation (R. Mahadeva, 2006). Theoretically if the fuel price increases, it will stimulate energy conservation behavior if the demand is relatively elastic. Practically the effect of rising prices can be seen by the oil price shock from 1973, which did not fail to leave its mark on CO2 emissions. Economic growth in this period slowed down, and due to changes in energy policies, such as rationalizing private consumption of fuels by restricting private car use, CO2 emissions dropped to about 57 million MTNE in 1975.